How do the soils of Ghana's forest zone support cocoa?

Forest ochrosols in southern Ghana are deep, free-draining and enriched by leaf litter. The nutrient store built up under forest is what the first cocoa crop draws on.

State the climatic conditions that cocoa requires.

Cocoa needs 1,200 to 2,000 mm of well-distributed rainfall and temperatures between about 21 °C and 32 °C. Young trees also need shade and shelter from strong wind.

Contrast the rainfall of southern and northern Ghana.

The south-west around Axim receives over 2,000 mm a year in two rainy seasons. The far north receives around 1,000 mm in a single season followed by the dry Harmattan.

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Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

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Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Changing definitions of development Simple, composite and qualitative measures of development The development gap and the development continuum Regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries The resource base: minerals and energy Soils, relief, climate and water availability Climate variability, drought and flood Free trade, trade blocs and protectionism The resource curse and conflict minerals MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring Tourism and fair trade Colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption Education, health, welfare and the position of women The environmental costs of development Desertification in the Sahel Strategies to promote development

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Development in an African Context

Soils, relief, climate and water availability

3 things to know
Component 3 Section B

Overview

Laterite and why does it matter for farming, soils of the Kalahari and their effect on Botswana's agriculture and climatic conditions that cocoa requires.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Why are many tropical African soils naturally infertile?

Key term

What is laterite and why does it matter for farming?

Key term

Describe the soils of the Kalahari and their effect on Botswana's agriculture.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Why are many tropical African soils naturally infertile?
Model answer
Heavy rainfall leaches soluble nutrients down through the profile beyond the reach of roots. High temperatures also break organic matter down quickly, so humus does not accumulate.
2
What is laterite and why does it matter for farming?
Model answer
Laterite is a hard iron- and aluminium-rich crust that forms when tropical soils dry out. The crust resists ploughing and blocks root penetration.
3
Describe the soils of the Kalahari and their effect on Botswana's agriculture.
Model answer
Kalahari sands are deep and coarse and hold very little water or nutrient. Arable farming is therefore marginal, and most of rural Botswana depends on cattle.
4
How do the soils of Ghana's forest zone support cocoa?
Model answer
Forest ochrosols in southern Ghana are deep, free-draining and enriched by leaf litter. The nutrient store built up under forest is what the first cocoa crop draws on.
5
State the climatic conditions that cocoa requires.
Model answer
Cocoa needs 1,200 to 2,000 mm of well-distributed rainfall and temperatures between about 21 °C and 32 °C. Young trees also need shade and shelter from strong wind.
6
Contrast the rainfall of southern and northern Ghana.
Model answer
The south-west around Axim receives over 2,000 mm a year in two rainy seasons. The far north receives around 1,000 mm in a single season followed by the dry Harmattan.

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