State the dry adiabatic lapse rate.

The dry adiabatic lapse rate is about 10 °C for every kilometre of ascent. Unsaturated air cools at this rate as it rises.

Why is the saturated adiabatic lapse rate lower than the dry rate?

Condensation releases latent heat into the rising parcel, which offsets some of the cooling. The saturated rate is therefore around 5 to 6 °C per kilometre.

What is the dew point?

The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and condensation begins. Relative humidity reaches 100 per cent at that temperature.

What are condensation nuclei, and why are they needed?

Condensation nuclei are microscopic particles of dust, salt, smoke or pollution suspended in the air. Water vapour needs a surface to condense onto, and nuclei provide it.

Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS

Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

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Changing Places

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Water and Carbon Cycles

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EcosystemsContemporary theme

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Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of India India's climate and the monsoon Water availability and water stress Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Caste, gender and cultural influences Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, democracy and the role of government The changing size and structure of India's economy Global shift, outsourcing and offshoring India's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in India

Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Changing definitions of development Simple, composite and qualitative measures of development The development gap and the development continuum Regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries The resource base: minerals and energy Soils, relief, climate and water availability Climate variability, drought and flood Free trade, trade blocs and protectionism The resource curse and conflict minerals MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring Tourism and fair trade Colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption Education, health, welfare and the position of women The environmental costs of development Desertification in the Sahel Strategies to promote development

Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

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Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere The atmospheric heat budget Global atmospheric circulation and the tricellular model Pressure belts and planetary surface winds Oceanic circulation, continentality and altitude The world's major climate types The ITCZ and seasonal migration The monsoon climate The climate of the UK Air masses affecting the UK The jet stream and UK weather ENSO and short-term climate change Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity Hazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their management Urban climates and air quality Climate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Grid references, coordinates and locating a place Distance, area, direction and scale Sampling and sources of error Percentages, ratios, densities and frequencies Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Concentration, ratios and development indices Correlation and Spearman Rank Chi-square and significance testing Mapping techniques Graphs and diagrams Digital and qualitative field techniques

Water and Carbon Cycles

Cloud formation and theories of precipitation

2 things to know
Component 2

Overview

Adiabatic cooling, dry adiabatic lapse rate and dew point.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What three conditions are needed for precipitation to form?

Key term

Define adiabatic cooling.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What three conditions are needed for precipitation to form?
Model answer
Air must be forced to rise, cool to its dew point and condense onto nuclei. Droplets must then grow large enough to fall against the updraught.
2
Define adiabatic cooling.
Model answer
Adiabatic cooling is the fall in temperature of a rising air parcel as it expands under lower pressure. Heat is not exchanged with the surrounding air.
3
State the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
Model answer
The dry adiabatic lapse rate is about 10 °C for every kilometre of ascent. Unsaturated air cools at this rate as it rises.
4
Why is the saturated adiabatic lapse rate lower than the dry rate?
Model answer
Condensation releases latent heat into the rising parcel, which offsets some of the cooling. The saturated rate is therefore around 5 to 6 °C per kilometre.
5
What is the dew point?
Model answer
The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and condensation begins. Relative humidity reaches 100 per cent at that temperature.
6
What are condensation nuclei, and why are they needed?
Model answer
Condensation nuclei are microscopic particles of dust, salt, smoke or pollution suspended in the air. Water vapour needs a surface to condense onto, and nuclei provide it.

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