What is the Deccan Plateau made of?

The Deccan Plateau is a triangular block of ancient basalt lava erupted around 66 million years ago. Basalt weathering produces the black regur soils used for cotton.

Name the two mountain ranges that edge the Deccan Plateau.

The Western Ghats run along the Arabian Sea coast, rising to over 2,500 m. The Eastern Ghats form a lower, broken range behind the Bay of Bengal coast.

Where is the Thar Desert, and why is it so dry?

The Thar Desert lies in western Rajasthan on the border with Pakistan. Rainfall stays below about 250 mm a year because the Aravalli range lies parallel to the monsoon flow rather than across it.

Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS

Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

Glaciated LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers The glacial budget, mass balance and feedback The Quaternary Ice Age and the Little Ice Age Cold-based and warm-based glaciers Glacier ice movement and types of flow Types of ice mass and their distribution Freeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processes Factors affecting the rate of glacial erosion Cirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaks Glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spurs Roches moutonnées, crag and tail and striations Glacial and fluvioglacial transport Till and types of moraine Drumlins and lowland glacial deposition Ice-contact fluvioglacial landforms Proglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holes Glacial landscape suites and change over time Periglacial ground ice and permafrost features Periglacial weathering, mass movement, water and wind Glacial landscapes and human activity

Changing Places

Topic overview Place characteristics and the home place A contrasting place: profiles compared Flows, connections and the shaping of place Global connections and MNC fast food chains Place meaning, attachment and identity in the Lake District Representing places through advertising and promotion Birmingham Grand Central and the marketed place Formal, media and popular images compared Structural employment change and the Clark Fisher model External forces driving economic restructuring Decline of primary employment in rural places Deindustrialisation, deprivation and social exclusion Government policy in deindustrialised places Retail, commercial and entertainment change in central areas Gentrification and re-urbanisation Knowledge economy clusters and their locational factors Rural rebranding and the post-productive countryside Rural management, counter-urbanisation and second homes Urban rebranding: flagship developments and cultural quarters Urban management, conflict and the Covid-19 legacy

Water and Carbon Cycles

Topic overview Systems, mass balance and the water balance Global water stores, their size and residence times Changing stores: sea level change and cryospheric processes The drainage basin as an open system Precipitation inputs and interception Infiltration, overland flow and throughflow Percolation, groundwater flow, channel flow and basin outputs River regimes and the factors that control them The storm hydrograph: components and shape Climatic factors influencing storm hydrographs Catchment factors influencing storm hydrographs Cloud formation and theories of precipitation Excess runoff: natural and human causes Deficit in the water cycle and aquifer recharge The global carbon cycle: stores, fluxes and mass balance Fast carbon pathways between land and atmosphere Ocean and atmosphere exchange and the slow carbon cycle Carbon stores in tropical rainforest and temperate grassland Land-use change and the carbon store Peatlands and the changing carbon store Rising atmospheric carbon, the energy budget and its impacts Feedback, thresholds and permafrost thaw

Global Migration

Topic overview Globalisation, global systems and global flows Classifying migrants and mapping global migration patterns A shrinking world: transport, communication and media representation Poverty, primary commodity prices and access to markets Diasporas, colonial and Commonwealth links and freedom of movement Superpowers, global hubs and the competition for migrants Remittances and the brain drain Interdependency of host and source countries Migration policies and contested views on cultural change Causes of refugee movements and internal displacement Consequences of refugee movements for refugees and host states Managing refugee crises: UNHCR, national governments and NGOs Rural push factors, land grabs and indigenous displacement Urban pull factors, export processing zones and megacity growth

Global Governance of the Oceans

Topic overview Supranational institutions and the law of the sea Maritime zones from the baseline to the high seas Chokepoints, canals and piracy in maritime trade Britain's maritime past and the Commonwealth Container shipping, oil tankers and shipping regulation Smuggling and people trafficking at sea Seafloor data cables: growth, patterns and uses Risks to seafloor cables and international protection Ownership of ocean resources and contested sovereignty Unequal access: landlocked states and indigenous coastal peoples The Global Commons and over-exploitation of marine ecosystems Sustainable management: quotas, no-catch zones and conservation zones Sources and consequences of ocean pollution Managing marine waste and the scales of ocean governance

Tectonic Hazards

Topic overview Earth's internal structure and plate movement Divergent plate margins Convergent margins, subduction and collision Conservative margins and hot spots Global distribution of tectonic hazards The hazard profile and magnitude scales Types of volcano and styles of eruption Primary volcanic hazards Secondary volcanic hazards Impacts of volcanic activity at local, regional and global scales Contrasting volcanic eruptions Earthquake characteristics and seismic waves Ground shaking, liquefaction and landslides Tsunami generation and impacts Impacts of earthquakes in contrasting contexts Human factors affecting risk and vulnerability Monitoring, prediction and warning Mitigation and the hazard management cycle

EcosystemsContemporary theme

Topic overview The value of ecosystems: goods and services Global distribution of biomes and its climatic controls The ecosystem concept, energy flow and trophic levels Nutrient cycling and the Gersmehl model Contrasting nutrient cycles: tropical rainforest and taiga Net primary productivity and limiting factors Measuring biodiversity Threats to biodiversity from local to global scale Tropical rainforests and coral reefs at risk Wetlands at risk Conserving biodiversity: strategies, priorities and funding Succession, seres and the climatic climax Sub-climax and plagioclimax communities The Arctic tundra: climate, soils, plants and animals Impacts of climate change on the Arctic tundra Sustainable use and management of the Arctic tundra

Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of India India's climate and the monsoon Water availability and water stress Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Caste, gender and cultural influences Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, democracy and the role of government The changing size and structure of India's economy Global shift, outsourcing and offshoring India's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in India

Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Changing definitions of development Simple, composite and qualitative measures of development The development gap and the development continuum Regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries The resource base: minerals and energy Soils, relief, climate and water availability Climate variability, drought and flood Free trade, trade blocs and protectionism The resource curse and conflict minerals MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring Tourism and fair trade Colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption Education, health, welfare and the position of women The environmental costs of development Desertification in the Sahel Strategies to promote development

Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

Topic overview Classifying energy resources Fossil fuel stocks, reserves and their global distribution Geological factors in energy supply Insolation, wind strength and reliability Relief, dam sites and hydroelectric power Waves, tides and biofuels: favourable locations Changing global patterns of energy demand Economic and technological influences on energy demand Transfers, storage and the pricing of oil and gas OPEC, national governments and the oil and gas companies Environmental problems of energy extraction, transport and use Political, economic and technological problems of energy Appropriate technology and micro-generation in developing countries National energy mixes and world energy prices Demand reduction and energy efficiency policies Clean fossil fuel technologies and the sustainability of alternatives

Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere The atmospheric heat budget Global atmospheric circulation and the tricellular model Pressure belts and planetary surface winds Oceanic circulation, continentality and altitude The world's major climate types The ITCZ and seasonal migration The monsoon climate The climate of the UK Air masses affecting the UK The jet stream and UK weather ENSO and short-term climate change Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity Hazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their management Urban climates and air quality Climate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Grid references, coordinates and locating a place Distance, area, direction and scale Sampling and sources of error Percentages, ratios, densities and frequencies Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Concentration, ratios and development indices Correlation and Spearman Rank Chi-square and significance testing Mapping techniques Graphs and diagrams Digital and qualitative field techniques

Economic Growth and Challenge: India

15 subtopics
45 things to know
Component 3 Section B
Component 3 Section B, two contemporary themes of four, with India, China or Africa as routes through one of them

What Economic Growth and Challenge: India covers

Economic Growth and Challenge: India is examined in Component 3 Section B if your two optional themes include Economic Growth and Challenge, in which India, China and development in an African context are alternatives: you study one of the three. It covers relief and drainage patterns of India, India's climate and the monsoon, water availability and water stress, population distribution, growth and structure, governance, health, education and welfare, caste, gender and cultural influences, resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint, droughts, floods and climate variability, economic activity, democracy and the role of government, the changing size and structure of India's economy, global shift, outsourcing and offshoring, India's soft power and global governance, environmental pressures of economic growth, water, food and energy security and urban pressures and sustainable development strategies in India.

Where it is assessed

Component 3 Section B

Contemporary Themes, if this is one of the two themes you sit.

Check the Eduqas specification ↗

The 15 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

How big is India's population, how fast did it grow, and where do people live most densely?

Key term

What is water security, and how well supplied is India?

Key term

Name the three great relief divisions of India.

Key term

What type of climate does most of India have?

Numbers

How much fresh water is available per person in India, and how has that changed?

Numbers

What kind of political system does India have?

Key term

What is the caste system?

Key term

Which fuel dominates India's energy supply?

Key term

What counts as a deficient monsoon in India?

Key term

Describe the broad regional pattern of economic activity in India.

Numbers

How large is India's economy?

Key term

Define the global shift.

Key term

Define soft power.

Key term

How large are India's carbon dioxide emissions in total and per person?

Key term

Define sustainable development.

Key term

How were the Himalaya formed?

Key term

Explain what drives the south-west monsoon.

Key term

Why is India's water supply so uneven through the year?

Numbers

What was India's population at the 2011 census?

Key term

Why does federalism produce such uneven social outcomes in India?

Key term

Distinguish varna from jati.

Key term

Where are India's main coalfields?

Key term

Which parts of India are most drought-prone?

Key term

Which states form India's industrial core?

Numbers

How fast has India's economy grown since liberalisation?

Key term

Distinguish outsourcing from offshoring.

Numbers

Give two examples of Indian cultural soft power.

Key term

Why does coal dominate Indian electricity?

Key term

Define water security.

Numbers

What is the National Clean Air Programme?

Key term

Describe the Indo-Gangetic plain.

Key term

When does the south-west monsoon reach Kerala, and when does it cover the country?

Evaluation

How important is groundwater to India?

Numbers

When did India overtake China as the most populous country?

Numbers

What is the Right to Education Act?

Numbers

Who are the Dalits?

Key term

Where is India's iron ore mined?

Numbers

Describe the impacts of the 2015 to 2016 drought in India.

Key term

Why is Bengaluru India's technology capital?

Numbers

Why is India's rank so different measured by GDP per capita?

Process

Why did India capture so much of the world's business process outsourcing?

Numbers

How large is the Indian diaspora, and why does it matter?

Key term

How bad is air pollution in Indian cities?

Key term

How water-secure is India?

Numbers

What measures has Delhi used to cut air pollution?

Take Economic Growth and Challenge: India further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Varna vs Jati
Varna: the fourfold classical order of Hindu society. Jati: the local birth group people actually name.
Outsourcing vs Offshoring
Outsourcing: moving work to another firm, possibly in the same country. Offshoring: moving work to another country, possibly within the same firm.
Blue water vs Green water
Blue water: liquid water that can be abstracted from rivers, lakes and aquifers. Green water: soil moisture used directly by plants.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Name the three great relief divisions of India.
Model answer
India divides into the northern Himalayan mountains and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The peninsular plateau of the Deccan forms the third division.
2
How were the Himalaya formed?
Model answer
The Himalaya rose from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate about 50 million years ago. Continued convergence still lifts the range by several millimetres a year.
3
Describe the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Model answer
The Indo-Gangetic plain is a broad belt of deep alluvium laid down by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra. Relief is almost flat, falling less than 200 m over hundreds of kilometres.
4
What is the Deccan Plateau made of?
Model answer
The Deccan Plateau is a triangular block of ancient basalt lava erupted around 66 million years ago. Basalt weathering produces the black regur soils used for cotton.
5
Name the two mountain ranges that edge the Deccan Plateau.
Model answer
The Western Ghats run along the Arabian Sea coast, rising to over 2,500 m. The Eastern Ghats form a lower, broken range behind the Bay of Bengal coast.
6
Where is the Thar Desert, and why is it so dry?
Model answer
The Thar Desert lies in western Rajasthan on the border with Pakistan. Rainfall stays below about 250 mm a year because the Aravalli range lies parallel to the monsoon flow rather than across it.

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Coastal Landscapes

Glaciated Landscapes

Changing Places

Water and Carbon Cycles

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Economic Growth and Challenge: India revision questions

What does Economic Growth and Challenge: India cover in Eduqas A-Level Geography?: 15 subtopics: relief and drainage patterns of india, india's climate and the monsoon, water availability and water stress, population distribution, growth and structure, governance, health, education and welfare, caste, gender and cultural influences, resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint, droughts, floods and climate variability, economic activity, democracy and the role of government, the changing size and structure of india's economy, global shift, outsourcing and offshoring, india's soft power and global governance, environmental pressures of economic growth, water, food and energy security and urban pressures and sustainable development strategies in india. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
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