Name four Sahelian countries.

Senegal, Mali, Niger and Chad all lie within the Sahel. Burkina Faso and northern Nigeria are also included.

Explain how overgrazing causes desertification.

Herds strip the grass cover faster than it can regenerate after rain. Bare soil then loses its structure and is blown or washed away.

How does fuelwood collection contribute to desertification?

Most Sahelian households cook on wood and charcoal, so trees around settlements are cut. Loss of tree cover removes shade, root binding and leaf litter from the soil.

Describe the role of cultivation expansion in desertification.

Population growth pushes cropping onto marginal land once left as fallow or grazing. Shortened fallow periods leave no time for soil fertility to recover.

Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS

Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

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Changing Places

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EcosystemsContemporary theme

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Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

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Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Changing definitions of development Simple, composite and qualitative measures of development The development gap and the development continuum Regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries The resource base: minerals and energy Soils, relief, climate and water availability Climate variability, drought and flood Free trade, trade blocs and protectionism The resource curse and conflict minerals MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring Tourism and fair trade Colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption Education, health, welfare and the position of women The environmental costs of development Desertification in the Sahel Strategies to promote development

Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

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Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere The atmospheric heat budget Global atmospheric circulation and the tricellular model Pressure belts and planetary surface winds Oceanic circulation, continentality and altitude The world's major climate types The ITCZ and seasonal migration The monsoon climate The climate of the UK Air masses affecting the UK The jet stream and UK weather ENSO and short-term climate change Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity Hazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their management Urban climates and air quality Climate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Grid references, coordinates and locating a place Distance, area, direction and scale Sampling and sources of error Percentages, ratios, densities and frequencies Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Concentration, ratios and development indices Correlation and Spearman Rank Chi-square and significance testing Mapping techniques Graphs and diagrams Digital and qualitative field techniques

Development in an African Context

Desertification in the Sahel

2 things to know
Component 3 Section B

Overview

Four Sahelian countries, how overgrazing causes desertification and role of cultivation expansion in desertification.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Define desertification.

Key term

Where is the Sahel and what is its climate?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define desertification.
Model answer
Desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. Both climatic variation and human activity contribute to the process.
2
Where is the Sahel and what is its climate?
Model answer
The Sahel is the semi-arid belt running from Senegal to Sudan along the southern edge of the Sahara. Rainfall of 200 to 600 mm falls in a single short wet season.
3
Name four Sahelian countries.
Model answer
Senegal, Mali, Niger and Chad all lie within the Sahel. Burkina Faso and northern Nigeria are also included.
4
Explain how overgrazing causes desertification.
Model answer
Herds strip the grass cover faster than it can regenerate after rain. Bare soil then loses its structure and is blown or washed away.
5
How does fuelwood collection contribute to desertification?
Model answer
Most Sahelian households cook on wood and charcoal, so trees around settlements are cut. Loss of tree cover removes shade, root binding and leaf litter from the soil.
6
Describe the role of cultivation expansion in desertification.
Model answer
Population growth pushes cropping onto marginal land once left as fallow or grazing. Shortened fallow periods leave no time for soil fertility to recover.

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