What is normalisation?

Normalisation is a step-by-step process of organising attributes into tables so that each fact is stored once and every non-key attribute depends on the whole primary key and on nothing else. The aim is to remove duplication and the update problems it causes.

What are the characteristics of first normal form?

Data is in first normal form when it contains no repeating groups: every intersection of a row and a column holds one value only, and the table has a primary key. The repeated group has been moved to a separate table with a key linking it back.

What are the characteristics of second normal form?

Data is in second normal form when it is in first normal form and every non-key attribute depends on the whole of the primary key rather than on part of it. Second normal form only bites where the key is composite.

What is a partial dependency?

A partial dependency exists where a non-key attribute depends on only part of a composite primary key. In a table keyed on order number and product code, the product description depends on the product code alone, which is a partial dependency.

What are the characteristics of third normal form?

Data is in third normal form when it is in second normal form and no non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute. Every attribute depends on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key.

CCEA A-Level Digital Technology 2650

Systems Analysis and Development Approaches

Topic overview The software crisis and the need for systems development User needs, time and cost Roles in a systems development team The purpose of analysis Fact-finding techniques Functional and non-functional requirements Data flow diagrams The waterfall model Rapid application development and Agile Resources, constraints and risks in a software project Project management, Gantt charts and critical path analysis Version management

Design, Development and Testing

Topic overview The purpose of systems design Storyboarding the user interface Prototyping the interface and the data model The development stage: turning a design into working code Why testing runs throughout development Levels of testing: unit and integration System testing Acceptance testing Alpha and beta testing The purpose and components of a test plan Types of test data

Implementation and System Security

Topic overview The purpose of system implementation Direct and parallel changeover Pilot and phased changeover User documentation Technical documentation Data conversion The purpose of system maintenance Corrective, adaptive and perfective maintenance Archiving data Backup and recovery Full, differential and incremental backups Disaster recovery plans

Programming

Topic overview The purpose of a computer program The integrated development environment Translation: compilers, interpreters and assemblers The stages of compilation and linking Algorithms, pseudocode and syntax Variables, constants and data types Sequence and selection Iteration: count-controlled and condition-controlled loops Flowcharts and algorithm representation Objects, classes and methods Inheritance and evaluating the object-oriented approach

Data, Information and Data Representation

Topic overview Bits, bytes and units of storage How many values a given number of bits can hold Converting decimal to binary Converting binary to decimal Two's complement and negative numbers Character sets: ASCII and Unicode Data, information and knowledge Factors affecting the quality of information Validation: range, type, length and presence checks Validation: format checks and lookup checks Check digits and the Modulus 11 method Batch totals, verification and the limits of checking

Computer Architecture and Processing Systems

Topic overview The processor, the clock and the registers The fetch-execute cycle Buses, input and output controllers and ports Main memory: RAM, ROM and addressing Cache memory and the memory hierarchy Factors that affect processing speed The need for secondary storage Magnetic, optical and flash storage media Choosing secondary storage for common applications Batch, real-time and transaction processing Automatic teller machines and point of sale terminals Smartphones: input, output and processing

System Software, Application Software and the User Interface

Topic overview User interfaces: WIMP, command line and forms dialogue Choosing and evaluating a user interface Inputting text, sound and video The purpose of an operating system How an operating system manages memory and processes Types of operating system Utility programs The need for data compression, lossless and lossy Zipping and archive files Common data file formats Application software: generic and special purpose Obtaining and delivering software

Web Technology and Multimedia

Topic overview The internet, the World Wide Web and web standards URLs, HTTP and the request-response cycle Domain names, DNS and IP addresses Web browsers, search engines, cache and cookies Web servers, hosting, ISPs and file transfer Intranets and how an organisation uses one Creating web pages with HTML HTML tags for text, lists, images and links Styling pages with CSS Multimedia assets in a web page Client-side and server-side processing Security over the internet: encryption, HTTPS and certificates

Networks

Topic overview Network scope: LAN, MAN and WAN Network hardware and connection devices IP addresses and MAC addresses Peer-to-peer and server-based networks Bus, star and ring topologies The need for communication protocols The OSI seven-layer model TCP/IP, Ethernet and media access methods Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, VoIP and RFID Bandwidth and broadband Transmission media: metal cable, fibre optic and wireless Detecting and correcting transmission errors

Databases

Topic overview The relational database and its main features Logical and physical data models Entities, attributes and keys Entity-relationship modelling Normalisation to third normal form The data dictionary Structured Query Language: creating and changing data Structured Query Language: retrieving data Query By Example and alternatives to SQL Database security, integrity and recovery

Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems and Robotics

Topic overview What artificial intelligence means The Turing test and machine intelligence Neural network modelling The structure of an expert system The knowledge base and the inference engine Shells, heuristics, fuzzy logic and the knowledge engineer Expert systems in medicine, fault diagnosis and insurance Natural language processing Voice recognition technology Evaluating natural language and voice recognition systems The technology of robotics Robotics in commercial situations

Mobile Technology, Data Mining and Cloud Computing

Topic overview Cells, masts and frequency reuse Handoff between cells The base station controller, the mobile switching centre and the PSTN What data mining is Gathering and storing data for mining Processing and analysing large volumes of data Big data in health, finance and retail Data mining and the privacy of the individual What cloud computing is Virtualisation, hosted instances, hosted solutions and clustering Cloud services: storage, email, software and backup Evaluating cloud computing for business

Individual, Social and Legal Considerations

Topic overview The Data Protection Act 2018 and the UK GDPR The data protection principles and the rights of the data subject The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 Data protection duties of an organisation How the legislation affects employees and the public The ethics of automated decision making Online censorship Monitoring of personal behaviour The ethics of artificial intelligence and of personal information

The Development Project: Analysis and Design

Topic overview Scheduling the project with a Gantt chart Internal and external constraints on the solution Detailing user requirements as inputs, processes and outputs Prioritising requirements as essential and non-essential Data flow diagrams at level 0 and level 1 Specifying hardware and software requirements The overall system design Process descriptions and algorithms User interface design and validation Data modelling and normalisation for the solution Designing the queries and reports Developing a comprehensive test plan

The Development Project: Build, Testing and Evaluation

Topic overview Choosing software to develop the solution Building the solution Test data and the types of testing Carrying out and recording the testing Documenting a strategy for system implementation Evaluating the solution against the user requirements Identifying extensions to the system The electronic user guide Bringing the system into use and supporting it Documentation for the completed system

Databases

Normalisation to third normal form

3 things to know
A2 Unit 1

Overview

Characteristics of data in un-normalised form, characteristics of first normal form and characteristics of second normal form.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Take an Employee table holding employee number, name, department code and department name to third normal form.

Evaluation

What are the disadvantages of normalisation?

Key term

What are the characteristics of data in un-normalised form?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is normalisation?
Model answer
Normalisation is a step-by-step process of organising attributes into tables so that each fact is stored once and every non-key attribute depends on the whole primary key and on nothing else. The aim is to remove duplication and the update problems it causes.
2
What are the characteristics of data in un-normalised form?
Model answer
Un-normalised data is held in a single structure containing repeating groups, so one record holds several values of the same attribute, such as one order record carrying four product codes and four quantities.
3
What are the characteristics of first normal form?
Model answer
Data is in first normal form when it contains no repeating groups: every intersection of a row and a column holds one value only, and the table has a primary key. The repeated group has been moved to a separate table with a key linking it back.
4
What are the characteristics of second normal form?
Model answer
Data is in second normal form when it is in first normal form and every non-key attribute depends on the whole of the primary key rather than on part of it. Second normal form only bites where the key is composite.
5
What is a partial dependency?
Model answer
A partial dependency exists where a non-key attribute depends on only part of a composite primary key. In a table keyed on order number and product code, the product description depends on the product code alone, which is a partial dependency.
6
What are the characteristics of third normal form?
Model answer
Data is in third normal form when it is in second normal form and no non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute. Every attribute depends on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key.

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