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Migrants in Britain, c800–present

The experience and impact of migrants, c800–c1500

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 1

Overview

The legal status of aliens and denization, the alien subsidy, the crown and its Jewish community, the expulsion of 1290 and the attack at York in 1190, the Black Death and hostility to foreign workers, the Danelaw, Viking place names and words, Norman building, foreign merchants and French culture.

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Key term

What marks did Viking and Norman migrants leave on England's law, language and trade?

Key term

How did the Black Death of 1348–49 change the position of migrants?

Key term

What did the legal status of ‘alien’ mean in medieval England?

Questions from this subtopic

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  1. 1

    What did the legal status of ‘alien’ mean in medieval England?

    Model answer

    An alien was someone born outside the king’s allegiance, who could not hold land freely, join some guilds or claim the rights of a subject.

  2. 2

    How could an alien gain the rights of an English subject?

    Model answer

    By buying letters of denization from the king, or through an act of parliament granting naturalisation.

  3. 3

    What was the alien subsidy?

    Model answer

    A tax on foreign-born residents, first levied in 1440, which registered and charged aliens living in England.

  4. 4

    What was the relationship between the crown and England’s Jewish community?

    Model answer

    They were treated as the king’s own property, guarded by royal officials and given charters, but taxed at his will.

  5. 5

    What happened to England’s Jewish population in 1290?

    Model answer

    Edward I expelled them from the kingdom, and no Jewish community was allowed back for more than three centuries.

  6. 6

    What happened to the Jewish community of York in 1190?

    Model answer

    A mob attacked them, and around 150 people who took refuge in Clifford’s Tower died there, many by their own hand.

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AThe huge loss of life left England short of workers.
BForeign craftsmen and labourers were wanted.
CCompetition for work also bred resentment.

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