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The American West, c1835–c1895

Conflict and tension, c1835–c1862

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Overview

The Permanent Indian Frontier and why it broke down, the Fort Laramie agreement of 1851 and its failure, the Indian Appropriations Act and reservations, and lawlessness in the mining camps: claim jumping, vigilance committees, miners' meetings and the federal government's few judges and marshals.

What you need to know

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Key term

What was the Permanent Indian Frontier?

Key term

What broke the Permanent Indian Frontier down?

Key term

What did the government promise the Plains nations in return at Fort Laramie in 1851?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What was the Permanent Indian Frontier?

    Model answer

    A line drawn in the 1830s west of the settled states, beyond which the Plains were left to Indigenous nations, guarded by a chain of army forts.

  2. 2

    Why was the government willing in the 1830s to hand the Plains to Indigenous nations for ever?

    Model answer

    It believed the dry grassland was a desert of no use to farmers, so giving it away cost nothing.

  3. 3

    What broke the Permanent Indian Frontier down?

    Model answer

    Tens of thousands of migrants crossed it on the trails to Oregon and California, and the government then wanted the land itself.

  4. 4

    What were the Plains nations asked to accept at Fort Laramie in 1851?

    Model answer

    That each nation would keep to a marked territory and let wagon trains, roads and forts pass through in safety.

  5. 5

    What did the government promise in return at Fort Laramie in 1851?

    Model answer

    Yearly payments of goods worth $50,000 and protection from white settlers who crossed the line.

  6. 6

    Why did the agreement made at Fort Laramie in 1851 fail?

    Model answer

    No chief could bind other bands to it, the nations had never lived within fixed borders, and the payments were cut while settlers ignored the terms.

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