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Superpower Relations and the Cold War, 1941–91

Cold War crises, 1958–70

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 2 booklet P

Overview

The sealing of Berlin in August 1961, Checkpoint Charlie, the missile sites in Cuba, Kennedy's options and the blockade, the most dangerous day, the settlement, the Brezhnev Doctrine and the occupation of Czechoslovakia.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

How did the Berlin Wall change ordinary life in the city?

Key term

What happened at Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961?

Key term

What did American photographs taken over Cuba in October 1962 reveal?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What did the East German authorities do overnight on 13 August 1961?

    Model answer

    They sealed the border through the city with barbed wire and troops, and within days began replacing it with a concrete barrier.

  2. 2

    How did the barrier through Berlin change ordinary life in the city?

    Model answer

    Families and workers were cut off from one another overnight, and anyone caught trying to cross risked being shot by the border guards.

  3. 3

    What happened at Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961?

    Model answer

    American and Soviet tanks faced each other with guns loaded across the crossing for hours, until both sides quietly pulled back.

  4. 4

    What did American photographs taken over Cuba in October 1962 reveal?

    Model answer

    Soviet nuclear missile sites under construction, close enough to strike most American cities within minutes.

  5. 5

    Which courses of action did Kennedy's advisers put to him during the crisis?

    Model answer

    Doing nothing, an air strike on the sites, a full invasion, a naval blockade, or opening talks with Khrushchev.

  6. 6

    Which course did Kennedy announce on 22 October 1962?

    Model answer

    A naval blockade of the island to stop further Soviet weapons arriving, together with a demand that the sites be dismantled.

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