What was wound excision, and why did it save lives?

Cutting away the dead and damaged tissue around a wound as soon as possible, which removed the material that infection fed on.

What was the Carrel–Dakin method?

A sterilised salt solution dripped through a tube into a wound to flush it out; it had to be made up fresh because it lost its strength after about six hours.

What was the Thomas splint, and what did it do?

A frame that held a broken leg rigid and stopped the joint moving, so the bone ends could not tear the flesh and cause heavy bleeding.

Edexcel GCSE History 1HI0

Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060–88British depth

Topic overview Anglo-Saxon government, economy and society The last years of Edward the Confessor and the succession crisis The rival claimants for the throne The Norman invasion, 1060–66 Establishing control, 1066–87 Anglo-Saxon resistance, 1068–71 The legacy of resistance to 1087 Revolt of the Earls, 1075 The feudal system and the Church Norman government, 1066–88 The Norman aristocracy, 1066–88 William I and the succession

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Topic overview The British withdrawal and the creation of Israel Aftermath of the 1948–49 war Increased tension, 1955–63 The Six Day War, 1967 Aftermath of the 1967 war Israel and Egypt, 1967–73 Diplomatic negotiations, 1974–95 The Palestinian issue, 1974–95 Attempts at a solution

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Henry VIII and His Ministers, 1509–40British depth

Topic overview Henry VIII, Renaissance Prince The rise of Wolsey and his policies Wolsey’s foreign policy, 1509–29 Wolsey, Catherine, the succession and annulment Cromwell’s rise to power, 1529–34 The king’s marriages, 1529–40 Cromwell and government, 1534–40 The fall of Cromwell The break with Rome Opposition to, and impact of, Reformation, 1534–40 The dissolution of the monasteries The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536

London and the Second World War, 1939–45Paper 1 option

Topic overview London at the outbreak of the Second World War The nature of attacks on London The impact of the Blitz on civilian life London’s response to the war Britain and the Second World War: the wider context Sources for a London Blitz enquiry

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Topic overview The Civil War, 1945–49 Communist rule, 1945–59 Consolidating the CCP’s hold on power, 1951–52 The Hundred Flowers campaign, 1956–57 Early changes in agriculture, 1949–57 Industry and the Five-Year Plan, 1953–57 The Great Leap Forward Economic reform, 1962–65 Reasons for the Cultural Revolution The Red Guards and the Red Terror The effects of the Cultural Revolution The end of the Cultural Revolution, 1968–76 Communist control, 1949–76 Family life and the role of women Education and health, 1949–76 Cultural change, 1949–76

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Topic overview Factors driving change in medicine, c1250–present Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1250–c1500 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1250–c1500 Case study: the Black Death, 1348–49 Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1500–c1700 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1500–c1700 Case studies: William Harvey and the Great Plague of 1665 Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1700–c1900 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1700–c1900 Case studies: Jenner’s vaccination and the 1854 cholera outbreak Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1900–present Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1900–present Case studies: penicillin and the fight against lung cancer

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Topic overview Factors driving change in migration to Britain, c800–present The context for migration, c800–c1500 The experience and impact of migrants, c800–c1500 Case study: York under the Vikings The context for migration, c1500–c1700 The experience and impact of migrants, c1500–c1700 Case studies: Flemish and Walloon migrants, and the Huguenots The context for migration, c1700–c1900 The experience and impact of migrants, c1700–c1900 Case studies: Liverpool, and Jewish migrants in the East End The context for migration, c1900–present The experience and impact of migrants, c1900–present Case studies: Bristol, and Asian migrants in Leicester

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Topic overview The local context of Notting Hill The influence of Caribbean cultures on the area Racism and policing Black activism in the Notting Hill area Migration, race relations and the national context Sources for a Notting Hill enquiry

Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–41Modern depth

Topic overview The growth of opposition to the tsar in early 1917 The February Revolution The Provisional Government The Bolshevik Revolution Early consolidation of power, 1917–18 The Civil War, 1918–21 Moves towards totalitarianism, 1917–24 Economic and social change, 1918–24 The struggle for power, 1924–28 The use of terror in the 1930s Propaganda and censorship, 1924–41 The Cult of Stalin Agriculture and collectivisation, 1924–41 Changes in industry, 1924–41 Life in the Soviet Union The position of women and ethnic minorities

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The British Sector of the Western Front, 1914–18: Injuries, Treatment and the Trenches

Experiments in surgery and medicine on the Western Front

3 things to know
Paper 1

Overview

Wound excision, the Carrel–Dakin method, amputation, Gillies's plastic surgery, Cushing's work on head wounds, the Thomas splint and its effect, x-rays and mobile x-ray units and their drawbacks, and Robertson's blood bank at Cambrai in 1917.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Why did surgeons amputate so many limbs?

Key term

Who pioneered plastic surgery for the wounded, and what did he develop?

Key term

What did Harvey Cushing contribute to the treatment of head wounds?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What was wound excision, and why did it save lives?
Model answer
Cutting away the dead and damaged tissue around a wound as soon as possible, which removed the material that infection fed on.
2
What was the Carrel–Dakin method?
Model answer
A sterilised salt solution dripped through a tube into a wound to flush it out; it had to be made up fresh because it lost its strength after about six hours.
3
Why did surgeons amputate so many limbs?
Model answer
Once infection had taken hold in a shattered arm or leg there was no drug to stop it, so removing the limb was the only way to save the man.
4
Who pioneered plastic surgery for the wounded, and what did he develop?
Model answer
Harold Gillies, who developed skin grafts and reconstruction to rebuild the faces of men disfigured by shrapnel.
5
What did Harvey Cushing contribute to the treatment of head wounds?
Model answer
He drew metal fragments out of the brain with a magnet and operated under local anaesthetic, which sharply raised survival rates.
6
What was the Thomas splint, and what did it do?
Model answer
A frame that held a broken leg rigid and stopped the joint moving, so the bone ends could not tear the flesh and cause heavy bleeding.

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Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060–88

British America, 1713–83: Empire and Revolution

Conflict in the Middle East, 1945–95

Crime and Punishment in Britain, c1000–present

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