The king's personal deputy across a great American province, ruling in his name, presiding over its courts and answerable to him alone.

What was an encomienda?

A grant to a settler of the labour and tribute of a set number of Indigenous people, who were in return to be protected and instructed in the Catholic faith.

Why did the encomienda come to be condemned?

The duty to protect and teach was ignored while the demands for work in the fields and mines were not, so in practice it became forced labour that killed those held under it.

Who was Las Casas, and how did he press his case?

A settler turned Dominican friar who gave up his own encomienda; he argued at court for years and wrote a searing account of Spanish cruelty that was read across Europe.

What did the New Laws of 1542 order?

They forbade the enslaving of Indigenous people, banned any new encomiendas, and ruled that existing ones should lapse on the holder's death instead of passing to his heirs.

Edexcel GCSE History 1HI0

Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060–88British depth

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Topic overview Factors driving change in crime and punishment, c1000–present Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity, c1000–c1500 The nature of law enforcement and punishment, c1000–c1500 Case study: the Church, sanctuary and trial by ordeal Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity, c1500–c1700 The nature of law enforcement and punishment, c1500–c1700 Case studies: the Gunpowder Plot and Matthew Hopkins Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity, c1700–c1900 The nature of law enforcement and punishment, c1700–c1900 Case studies: Pentonville prison and Robert Peel Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity, c1900–present The nature of law enforcement and punishment, c1900–present Case studies: conscientious objectors and Derek Bentley

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Henry VIII and His Ministers, 1509–40British depth

Topic overview Henry VIII, Renaissance Prince The rise of Wolsey and his policies Wolsey’s foreign policy, 1509–29 Wolsey, Catherine, the succession and annulment Cromwell’s rise to power, 1529–34 The king’s marriages, 1529–40 Cromwell and government, 1534–40 The fall of Cromwell The break with Rome Opposition to, and impact of, Reformation, 1534–40 The dissolution of the monasteries The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536

London and the Second World War, 1939–45Paper 1 option

Topic overview London at the outbreak of the Second World War The nature of attacks on London The impact of the Blitz on civilian life London’s response to the war Britain and the Second World War: the wider context Sources for a London Blitz enquiry

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Topic overview The Civil War, 1945–49 Communist rule, 1945–59 Consolidating the CCP’s hold on power, 1951–52 The Hundred Flowers campaign, 1956–57 Early changes in agriculture, 1949–57 Industry and the Five-Year Plan, 1953–57 The Great Leap Forward Economic reform, 1962–65 Reasons for the Cultural Revolution The Red Guards and the Red Terror The effects of the Cultural Revolution The end of the Cultural Revolution, 1968–76 Communist control, 1949–76 Family life and the role of women Education and health, 1949–76 Cultural change, 1949–76

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Topic overview Factors driving change in medicine, c1250–present Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1250–c1500 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1250–c1500 Case study: the Black Death, 1348–49 Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1500–c1700 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1500–c1700 Case studies: William Harvey and the Great Plague of 1665 Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1700–c1900 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1700–c1900 Case studies: Jenner’s vaccination and the 1854 cholera outbreak Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1900–present Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1900–present Case studies: penicillin and the fight against lung cancer

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Topic overview Factors driving change in migration to Britain, c800–present The context for migration, c800–c1500 The experience and impact of migrants, c800–c1500 Case study: York under the Vikings The context for migration, c1500–c1700 The experience and impact of migrants, c1500–c1700 Case studies: Flemish and Walloon migrants, and the Huguenots The context for migration, c1700–c1900 The experience and impact of migrants, c1700–c1900 Case studies: Liverpool, and Jewish migrants in the East End The context for migration, c1900–present The experience and impact of migrants, c1900–present Case studies: Bristol, and Asian migrants in Leicester

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Topic overview The local context of Notting Hill The influence of Caribbean cultures on the area Racism and policing Black activism in the Notting Hill area Migration, race relations and the national context Sources for a Notting Hill enquiry

Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–41Modern depth

Topic overview The growth of opposition to the tsar in early 1917 The February Revolution The Provisional Government The Bolshevik Revolution Early consolidation of power, 1917–18 The Civil War, 1918–21 Moves towards totalitarianism, 1917–24 Economic and social change, 1918–24 The struggle for power, 1924–28 The use of terror in the 1930s Propaganda and censorship, 1924–41 The Cult of Stalin Agriculture and collectivisation, 1924–41 Changes in industry, 1924–41 Life in the Soviet Union The position of women and ethnic minorities

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Topic overview Spanish exploration, c1490–1512 Columbus reaches the Americas Spanish claims in the Caribbean The start of an empire The conquest of Mexico Impact of Spain in the Americas Pizarro and the conquest of the Incas Expansion of empire, c1528–c1555 Impact of the 'New World' on Spain

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Spain and the ‘New World’, c1490–c1555

Expansion of empire, c1528–c1555

3 things to know
Paper 2 booklet P

Overview

The viceroy and the two viceroyalties, the encomienda and why it was condemned, Las Casas, the New Laws and the settlers' revolt, silver at Potosí and Zacatecas, forced labour in the mines and La Paz.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What was found in the highlands of Bolivia in 1545?

Key term

What was a viceroy?

Numbers

Which two viceroyalties did Spain create, and when?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What was a viceroy?
Model answer
The king's personal deputy across a great American province, ruling in his name, presiding over its courts and answerable to him alone.
2
Which two viceroyalties did Spain create, and when?
Model answer
New Spain, governed from Mexico City, in 1535, and Peru, governed from Lima, in 1542.
3
What was an encomienda?
Model answer
A grant to a settler of the labour and tribute of a set number of Indigenous people, who were in return to be protected and instructed in the Catholic faith.
4
Why did the encomienda come to be condemned?
Model answer
The duty to protect and teach was ignored while the demands for work in the fields and mines were not, so in practice it became forced labour that killed those held under it.
5
Who was Las Casas, and how did he press his case?
Model answer
A settler turned Dominican friar who gave up his own encomienda; he argued at court for years and wrote a searing account of Spanish cruelty that was read across Europe.
6
What did the New Laws of 1542 order?
Model answer
They forbade the enslaving of Indigenous people, banned any new encomiendas, and ruled that existing ones should lapse on the holder's death instead of passing to his heirs.

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Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060–88

British America, 1713–83: Empire and Revolution

Conflict in the Middle East, 1945–95

Crime and Punishment in Britain, c1000–present

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AThe huge loss of life left England short of workers.

BForeign craftsmen and labourers were wanted.

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