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The American West, c1835–c1895

Changes in the ways of life of Indigenous peoples of the Plains

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 2 booklet P

Overview

The damage done by railroads, ranching, gold prospecting and disease, dependence on rations, reservations and the policy of concentration, the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, the weakening of chiefs, Little Crow's War of 1862, Sand Creek in 1864 and Red Cloud's War of 1866–68.

What you need to know

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Key term

How did the coming of the railroads harm the Plains nations?

Key term

How did the growth of ranching damage Indigenous life?

Numbers

Why did gold prospecting so often lead to fighting?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    How did the coming of the railroads harm the Plains nations?

    Model answer

    The tracks cut through hunting grounds and split the herds in two, and every line brought in hunters, soldiers and settlers.

  2. 2

    How did the growth of ranching damage Indigenous life?

    Model answer

    Cattle took the grass and water the buffalo needed, and ranches spread over land the nations had hunted freely.

  3. 3

    Why did gold prospecting so often lead to fighting?

    Model answer

    Miners poured across land that treaties had guaranteed, as at Pike's Peak in 1859, and the government protected them rather than removing them.

  4. 4

    What did travellers and traders bring to the Plains besides trade goods?

    Model answer

    Cholera, measles and smallpox, which killed thousands of people with no resistance to them, and whiskey, which broke up camp life.

  5. 5

    Why did dependence on government rations grow through the 1860s and 1870s?

    Model answer

    As buffalo, grass and hunting grounds were lost, whole nations could no longer feed themselves and had to take what an agent handed out.

  6. 6

    What was a reservation intended to achieve?

    Model answer

    It confined a nation to a fixed area away from the trails and settlers, where it could be made to farm and live in white ways.

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AThe huge loss of life left England short of workers.
BForeign craftsmen and labourers were wanted.
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