Why did civil war break out in 1918?

Closing the Constituent Assembly, the humiliating peace with Germany and the seizure of land and factories drove the Bolsheviks' enemies to take up arms.

Which foreign countries sent troops into Russia, and why?

Britain, France, the USA and Japan, who wanted Russia back in the war against Germany and feared communism spreading to their own countries.

What were the effects of the Civil War on ordinary Russians?

Millions died in the fighting, from disease or from hunger, industry and transport collapsed, and townspeople fled to the countryside in search of food.

Edexcel GCSE History 1HI0

Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060–88British depth

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London and the Second World War, 1939–45Paper 1 option

Topic overview London at the outbreak of the Second World War The nature of attacks on London The impact of the Blitz on civilian life London’s response to the war Britain and the Second World War: the wider context Sources for a London Blitz enquiry

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Topic overview The Civil War, 1945–49 Communist rule, 1945–59 Consolidating the CCP’s hold on power, 1951–52 The Hundred Flowers campaign, 1956–57 Early changes in agriculture, 1949–57 Industry and the Five-Year Plan, 1953–57 The Great Leap Forward Economic reform, 1962–65 Reasons for the Cultural Revolution The Red Guards and the Red Terror The effects of the Cultural Revolution The end of the Cultural Revolution, 1968–76 Communist control, 1949–76 Family life and the role of women Education and health, 1949–76 Cultural change, 1949–76

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Topic overview Factors driving change in medicine, c1250–present Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1250–c1500 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1250–c1500 Case study: the Black Death, 1348–49 Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1500–c1700 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1500–c1700 Case studies: William Harvey and the Great Plague of 1665 Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1700–c1900 Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1700–c1900 Case studies: Jenner’s vaccination and the 1854 cholera outbreak Ideas about the cause of disease and illness, c1900–present Approaches to prevention and treatment, c1900–present Case studies: penicillin and the fight against lung cancer

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Notting Hill, c1948–c1970Paper 1 option

Topic overview The local context of Notting Hill The influence of Caribbean cultures on the area Racism and policing Black activism in the Notting Hill area Migration, race relations and the national context Sources for a Notting Hill enquiry

Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–41Modern depth

Topic overview The growth of opposition to the tsar in early 1917 The February Revolution The Provisional Government The Bolshevik Revolution Early consolidation of power, 1917–18 The Civil War, 1918–21 Moves towards totalitarianism, 1917–24 Economic and social change, 1918–24 The struggle for power, 1924–28 The use of terror in the 1930s Propaganda and censorship, 1924–41 The Cult of Stalin Agriculture and collectivisation, 1924–41 Changes in industry, 1924–41 Life in the Soviet Union The position of women and ethnic minorities

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The British Sector of the Western Front, 1914–18: Injuries, Treatment and the TrenchesPaper 1 option

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Topic overview The position of Black Americans in the early 1950s Developments in education, 1954–60 The Montgomery Bus Boycott and its impact, 1955–60 Opposition to the civil rights movement Developments, 1960–62 Peaceful protests and their impact, 1963–65 Malcolm X and Black Power, 1963–70 The civil rights movement, 1965–75 Reasons for US involvement in the conflict in Vietnam, 1954–63 Escalation of the conflict under Johnson The nature of the conflict in Vietnam, 1964–68 Changes under Nixon, 1969–73 Opposition to the war Support for the war The peace process and end of the war Reasons for the failure of the USA in Vietnam

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Topic overview Factors driving change in warfare, c1250–present The nature of warfare, c1250–c1500 The experience of war, c1250–c1500 Case studies: the battles of Falkirk and Agincourt The nature of warfare, c1500–c1700 The experience of war, c1500–c1700 Case study: the Battle of Naseby, 1645 The nature of warfare, c1700–c1900 The experience of war, c1700–c1900 Case studies: the battles of Waterloo and Balaclava The nature of warfare, c1900–present The experience of war, c1900–present Case studies: the Somme and the Iraq War

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Whitechapel, c1870–c1900: Crime, Policing and the Inner CityPaper 1 option

Topic overview The local context of Whitechapel The inhabitants of Whitechapel The organisation of policing in Whitechapel Investigative policing in Whitechapel The Metropolitan Police and the national context Sources for a Whitechapel enquiry

Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–41

The Civil War, 1918–21

3 things to know
Paper 3

Overview

The Reds and the Whites, why civil war broke out in 1918, foreign intervention, the Czech Legion, the White commanders Kolchak, Denikin and Yudenich, the effects on ordinary Russians, Trotsky's contribution, the Bolsheviks' territorial advantages, White weaknesses and how intervention helped the Reds.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Who and when

Who were the Reds and the Whites?

Key term

What was the Czech Legion?

Key term

Name two White commanders and say where they attacked from.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Who were the Reds and the Whites?
Model answer
The Reds were the Bolsheviks and their Red Army; the Whites were their many opponents, including tsarists, liberals, Socialist Revolutionaries and former army officers.
2
Why did civil war break out in 1918?
Model answer
Closing the Constituent Assembly, the humiliating peace with Germany and the seizure of land and factories drove the Bolsheviks' enemies to take up arms.
3
Which foreign countries sent troops into Russia, and why?
Model answer
Britain, France, the USA and Japan, who wanted Russia back in the war against Germany and feared communism spreading to their own countries.
4
What was the Czech Legion?
Model answer
Former prisoners of war travelling east along the railway who turned against the Bolsheviks and seized much of the Trans-Siberian line.
5
Name two White commanders and say where they attacked from.
Model answer
Kolchak advanced from Siberia in the east and Denikin from the south, while Yudenich threatened Petrograd from the west.
6
What were the effects of the Civil War on ordinary Russians?
Model answer
Millions died in the fighting, from disease or from hunger, industry and transport collapsed, and townspeople fled to the countryside in search of food.

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Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, c1060–88

British America, 1713–83: Empire and Revolution

Conflict in the Middle East, 1945–95

Crime and Punishment in Britain, c1000–present

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AThe huge loss of life left England short of workers.

BForeign craftsmen and labourers were wanted.

CCompetition for work also bred resentment.

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