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Core Studies: Social Area

Responses to people in need: what Levine et al. add to Piliavin et al.

  • 3 things to know
  • Component 02

Overview

Recall questions on how far Levine et al. change understanding of responses to people in need, cost-reward as cultural, correcting bias in bystander research, what Piliavin still explains, diversity, and findings on the sex of helpers.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

How far does this pair advance our understanding of social diversity?

Study

Why can Levine's findings not simply replace Piliavin's conclusions about emergencies?

Key term

In what way does Levine suggest the cost–reward calculation itself may be cultural?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    How does Levine's study extend our understanding of responses to people in need?

    Model answer

    It shows that helping depends not only on the immediate situation and the victim's characteristics but also on the culture and economy of the place where the encounter happens.

  2. 2

    In what way does Levine suggest the cost–reward calculation itself may be cultural?

    Model answer

    What counts as a cost of walking past depends on local norms of social obligation, so a culture that values social harmony raises the psychological cost of failing to help.

  3. 3

    How does Levine correct a bias in the earlier bystander research?

    Model answer

    It moves the study of helping out of the United States and into 23 countries, addressing the ethnocentrism of drawing universal conclusions from American samples.

  4. 4

    Give one way in which Piliavin still explains something Levine cannot.

    Model answer

    Piliavin shows how helping varies with the victim's apparent condition and race within a single population, a source of variation Levine's design never tested.

  5. 5

    Why can Levine's findings not simply replace Piliavin's conclusions about emergencies?

    Model answer

    Levine's situations were low-cost and non-urgent, so the cultural differences he found may not appear when helping is dangerous or distressing.

  6. 6

    How far does this pair advance our understanding of cultural diversity?

    Model answer

    It moves from a single American city to 23 countries and shows helping varies widely between them, though only one large city per country was sampled so within-country diversity is missed.

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