Key term
OCR A-Level History A H505
Y101: Alfred and the Making of England 871–1016Unit group 1
Topic overviewEdward the Elder 899–924: avoidance of dynastic feuds, campaigns of Edward and AethelflaedEdward the Elder 899–924: ‘submission’ of the Welsh kings and extent of Edward’s power in 924Athelstan 924–939: capture of York 927, relations with Scotland and continued problems with the VikingsAthelstan 924–939: connections with the Continent and Athelstan’s legal codesEdmund 939–946, Eadred 946–955 and Edgar 957–975: return of the VikingsEdmund 939–946, Eadred 946–955 and Edgar 957–975: Edgar’s reformsAethelred 978–1016: crisis over the new monasticism and return of the VikingsAethelred 978–1016: legislation of Aethelred and cultural developmentsEnquiry: Alfred and the Vikings — Alfred’s position in 871 and return of the Vikings in the 890sEnquiry: Alfred and the governance of England — burhs, law and the revival of learning
Y102: Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest 1035–1107Unit group 1
Topic overviewAnglo-Saxon England 1035–1066: England in 1035 and Edward’s upbringingAnglo-Saxon England 1035–1066: Edward’s policies, importance of the Godwin family and succession crisisWilliam of Normandy’s invasion and the Battle of Hastings 1066: preparations, Fulford Gate, Stamford Bridge and the Norman landingWilliam of Normandy’s invasion and the Battle of Hastings 1066: the battle of Hastings, its outcome and William’s coronationWilliam I and the consolidation of power: William’s departure in 1067 and Harrying of the NorthWilliam I and the consolidation of power: Hereward, castle building, the new elite and threats from Scotland and ScandinaviaWilliam I and the government and administration of England: Change and continuity in governmentWilliam I and the government and administration of England: the Church, towns and countryside, and the Domesday surveyEnquiry: William II ‘Rufus’ and the consolidation of power and governmentEnquiry: William II ‘Rufus’ and the Church — William’s attitude towards the ChurchEnquiry: The death of William II ‘Rufus’ and the succession of Henry to 1107
Y103: England 1199–1272Unit group 1
Topic overviewThe minority and early years of the reign of Henry III 1216–1232: Henry’s successionThe minority and early years of the reign of Henry III 1216–1232: rebellion in the 1220sHenry’s rule 1232–1258: Henry’s marriage and its impact, Henry’s piety, nature of Henry’s kingshipHenry’s rule 1232–1258: policy towards the Jews, problem of Crusading and the Sicilian affairPolitical Crisis 1258–1263: the coup of 1258 and the Provisions of OxfordPolitical Crisis 1258–1263: judicial inquiry and duties imposed on knights, dissension and chaosSimon de Montfort, civil war and reconstruction 1263–1272: De Montfort’s seizure of powerSimon de Montfort, civil war and reconstruction 1263–1272: threat of invasion, the parliament of 1265Enquiry: John and Normandy — securing of the Angevin inheritance, financial problems and their impactEnquiry: The Baronial Rebellion of 1215 — government 1204–1214, the rebellion of 1215 and Magna CartaEnquiry: John and the Church — John’s relationship with the English Church
Y104: England 1377–1455Unit group 1
Topic overviewThe reign of Henry IV: Bolingbroke’s claim, the Epiphany Rising and Glyndŵr’s revoltThe reign of Henry IV: the Percy rebellions, finance, the Lollards and Henry IV’s illnessThe domestic rule of Henry V: restoration of order and royal authority, burning of John BadbyThe domestic rule of Henry V: Leicester Parliament, Southampton Plot and developments in GovernmentWar with France 1399–1453: relations with France under Henry IV, campaign of 1415 and AgincourtWar with France 1399–1453: the conquest of Normandy, the Treaty of Troyes and the loss of FranceThe minority of Henry VI and the origins of the Wars of the Roses: the minority government and the rivalry of Gloucester and BeaufortThe minority of Henry VI and the origins of the Wars of the Roses: Suffolk’s fall, Cade’s Rebellion and the rise of York to 1455Enquiry: Richard II’s minority 1377–1380 and Personal Rule 1380–1388 — England in 1377, the Peasants’ Revolt and the war with FranceEnquiry: Personal Rule 1380–1388, Personal Rule and overthrow 1388–1399 — favourites, the Appellants and Richard’s tyranny and overthrow
Y105: England 1445–1509: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VIIUnit group 1
Topic overviewEdward IV’s first rule and the crisis of 1470–1471: Edward IV’s management of the governmentEdward IV’s first rule and the crisis of 1470–1471: Warwick’s rebellion, the Readeption and Edward’s recoveryEdward IV and Richard III 1471–1485: Edward IV’s management of government and Richard III’s accessionEdward IV and Richard III 1471–1485: claim to the throne and government under Richard IIIHenry VII’s rule in England 1485–1509: Henry’s claim to the throne and Yorkist oppositionHenry VII’s rule in England 1485–1509: relations with the nobility and administrationHenry VII’s foreign policy 1485–1509: England’s position in 1485, Brittany, Étaples and Medina del CampoHenry VII’s foreign policy 1485–1509: marriage negotiations and trade agreementsEnquiry: The Outbreak of the Wars 1445–1450 and The early actions of Richard, Duke of YorkEnquiry: War and the defeat of Richard, Duke of York — St Albans, the Parliament of Devils and York’s death
Y106: England 1485–1558: The Early TudorsUnit group 1
Topic overviewThe government of Henry VII and threats to his rule: Henry’s claim to the throne and Yorkist oppositionThe government of Henry VII and threats to his rule: relations with the nobility and administrationHenry VII’s foreign policy: England’s position in Europe in 1485 and marriage negotiationsHenry VII’s foreign policy: trade agreements, Scotland and the marriage alliancesHenry VIII and Wolsey: Henry VIII’s personality, Wolsey’s rise and foreign policy to 1520Henry VIII and Wolsey: aims and policies in foreign affairs to 1529, divorce and Wolsey’s fallThe reign of Henry VIII after 1529: Religious change and oppositionThe reign of Henry VIII after 1529: rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell, foreign policy in the 1540sEnquiry: The stability of the monarchy — Edward VI’s minority, the succession crisis of 1553 and Mary’s marriageEnquiry: Religious changes, Rebellion and unrest — religious and ecclesiastical policies 1547–1558
Y107: England 1547–1603: The Later TudorsUnit group 1
Topic overviewElizabeth and religion: religious situation and problems in 1558, Puritan challenge and aimsElizabeth and religion: attitude of Elizabeth’s archbishops and problems facing Catholics 1558–1589The nature of the Elizabethan Monarchy, Government and Parliament: role of the court and role of genderThe nature of the Elizabethan Monarchy, Government and Parliament: Parliament, marriage and the successionElizabeth’s management of financial, economic and social affairs: financial and economic situationElizabeth’s management of financial, economic and social affairs: overseas trade, poverty and the poor lawsElizabethan later years 1588–1603: defence of the royal prerogative, economic and social problemsElizabethan later years 1588–1603: the Irish rebellion, Essex’s rebellion and the final yearsEnquiry: The stability of the monarchy — Edward VI’s minority, the succession crisis of 1553 and Mary’s marriageEnquiry: Religious changes, Rebellion and unrest — religious and ecclesiastical policies 1547–1558
Y108: The Early Stuarts and the Origins of the Civil War 1603–1660Unit group 1
Topic overviewJames I and Parliament: James I and Divine Right, James I and his financial problemsJames I and Parliament: foreign policy and quarrels with Parliament 1614–1624James I and religion: the religious situation in 1603, Puritans and ArminianismJames I and religion: Gunpowder Plot and impact of Catholicism on policiesCharles I 1625–1640: Charles’ aims and problems in 1625, dissolution of parliament in 1629Charles I 1625–1640: the Personal Rule, Laud and the Bishops’ WarsCharles I and the victory of Parliament 1640–1646: Short and Long Parliaments, crises of 1640–1642Charles I and the victory of Parliament 1640–1646: Royalists and ParliamentariansEnquiry: The failure to achieve a settlement 1646–1649 — Negotiations with Charles IEnquiry: Commonwealth and Protectorate, The Restoration of Charles II — Religious and political issues
Y109: The Making of Georgian Britain 1678–c.1760Unit group 1
Topic overviewThe Revolutionary Settlement and politics 1689–1714: political and religious settlement 1689–1701The Revolutionary Settlement and politics 1689–1714: Queen Anne and Union with Scotland 1707Aspects of Politics 1714–1780: Tory eclipse, the Jacobite risings and Walpole’s riseAspects of Politics 1714–1780: relations with George I and II, Wyvill and the County AssociationsSocial and economic developments c.1700–1780: evangelical revival and population growthSocial and economic developments c.1700–1780: financial settlement and urban unrestForeign policy 1689–1763: William III’s foreign policy, Pitt the Elder and the Seven Years WarEnquiry: The last years of Charles II 1678–1685 — England in 1678 and Anglican Church in 1685Enquiry: James II 1685–1688 and The Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 — James’s aims and policies, William’s invasion and the settlement
Y110: From Pitt to Peel 1783–1853Unit group 1
Topic overviewPitt the Younger: royal support, the 1784 election and early reformsPitt the Younger: reform of finance and administration, anti-radical legislation 1794–1801Lord Liverpool and the Tories 1812–1830: Liverpool and the radical challenge 1812–1822Lord Liverpool and the Tories 1812–1830: Huskisson on trade and finance, Roman Catholic EmancipationForeign Policy 1783–1830: ending isolation and the wars with France to the PeninsulaForeign Policy 1783–1830: Castlereagh 1812–1822, Canning 1822–1827Parliamentary reform and the Great Reform Act 1832: Whigs and Tory attitudes to reform 1783–1830Parliamentary reform and the Great Reform Act 1832: the passage and terms of the Great Reform ActEnquiry: Peel and the Conservative party 1832–1846 — Peel as party leader and Anti-Corn Law LeagueEnquiry: Peel and social reform 1832–1846 — Children, question of poverty and condition of IrelandEnquiry: Peel and pressure groups — the GNCTU, the Tolpuddle Martyrs and Chartism
Y111: Liberals, Conservatives and the Rise of Labour 1846–1918Unit group 1
Topic overviewWhigs to Liberals: repeal of the Corn Laws and its impact, roles and influence of PalmerstonWhigs to Liberals: impact of foreign affairs on BritainGladstonian Liberalism: ideas and policies of Gladstonian Liberalism, appeal to different social groupsGladstonian Liberalism: the first ministry’s reforms and defeat in 1874Disraelian Conservatism: effects of the defeat of Peel and One Nation ConservatismDisraelian Conservatism: social reform, imperial policy and defeat in 1880Late Victorian politics: Gladstone and Salisbury until 1902 — Gladstone’s second ministry 1880–1885Late Victorian politics: Gladstone and Salisbury until 1902 — Home Rule, Salisbury’s governments and the Boer WarEnquiry: Political issues c.1900–1914 — England in 1900, Trade Unions and problems of industrial unrestEnquiry: Social issues 1900–1918 and Britain at war 1914–1918 — development of ideas of new liberalism
Y112: Britain 1900–1951Unit group 1
Topic overviewBritish politics 1918–1929: the coupon election, the coalition’s fall and the 1923 electionBritish politics 1918–1929: the first Labour government, Baldwin’s government and the 1929 electionBritish domestic politics 1929–1939: the second Labour government, the National Government and extremismEconomic issues 1918–1939: Post-war economic conditions and problems of the mining industryEconomic issues 1918–1939: impact of the Great Depression and recoveryDomestic politics 1940–1951: Churchill’s coalition, the Home Front and the Beveridge ReportDomestic politics 1940–1951: the 1945 election, the Attlee governments and the elections of 1950 and 1951Enquiry: Political issues c.1900–1914 — England in 1900, Trade Unions and problems of industrial unrestEnquiry: Social issues 1900–1918 — development of ideas of new liberalismEnquiry: Britain at war 1914–1918 — Attitudes to war and role of women in the war
Y113: Britain 1930–1997Unit group 1
Topic overviewConservative domination 1951–1964: the 1951 victory, affluence, immigration and the economyConservative domination 1951–1964: leaders from Churchill to Douglas-Home, scandals and Labour in oppositionLabour and Conservative governments 1964–1979: Labour victory 1964 and Labour party divisionsLabour and Conservative governments 1964–1979: Heath’s government and Wilson and Callaghan 1974–1979Thatcher and the end of consensus 1979–1997: election victories, monetarism, privatisation and the Right to BuyThatcher and the end of consensus 1979–1997: the Miners’ Strike, the poll tax, Thatcher’s fall and the Major yearsBritain’s position in the world 1951–1997: the USA, Suez, the Cold War and the first approaches to EuropeBritain’s position in the world 1951–1997: Europe, nuclear policy, the Falklands and decolonisationEnquiry: Churchill’s view of events 1929–1940 and Churchill as wartime Prime MinisterEnquiry: Churchill as wartime Prime Minister, Churchill and international diplomacy 1939–1951
Y201: The Rise of Islam c.550–750Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe Middle East c.550–620: structure of pre-Islamic Arabia and commercial importance of MeccaThe Middle East c.550–620: the rival empires, Arab military strengths and Muhammad’s Meccan yearsThe establishment of Islam c.620–632: impact of Revelation and the hijraThe beginning of the Empire and the rule of the ‘Rightly Guided Caliphs’The establishment and expansion of the Umayyad Empire: rule of Mu’awiya and Second Fitna of 680The establishment and expansion of the Umayyad Empire: ‘Abd al-Malik’s reforms, expansion and the fall of the Umayyads
Y202: Charlemagne 768–814Unit group 2
Topic overviewWar and conquest: Situation in the Frankish lands and wars against the SaxonsWar and conquest: later campaigns, methods of warfare and reasons for successAdministration and internal affairs: Aims and methods of control and organisation, economic policiesAdministration and internal affairs: importance of the Church to effective governmentThe Carolingian Renaissance: motives for patronage, minuscule, chant and the schoolsThe Carolingian Renaissance: work of scholars and extent of a cultural revivalLater kingship and imperial rule: Leo III and the imperial coronation of 800Later kingship and imperial rule: relations with Byzantium and consolidation or decline in later years
Y203: The Crusades and the Crusader States 1095–1192Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe First Crusade: situation in Western Europe, Urban II’s aims and appeal at ClermontThe First Crusade: motives of Crusaders, capture of Edessa, Antioch and JerusalemThe Crusader States in the 12th Century: Establishment, problems of succession and internal rivalriesThe Crusader States in the 12th Century: manpower, castles, the military orders and financeThe Second Crusade: Zengi, the fall of Edessa and the call to crusadeThe Second Crusade: events in Anatolia, Antioch, Acre and impact of the failure of the Second CrusadeThe Third Crusade: development of the idea of Jihad, Zengi, Nur ad Din and Saladin, problems in OutremerThe Third Crusade: reasons for the failure and consequences of the Third Crusade for the West
Y204: Genghis Khan and the Explosion From the Steppes c.1167–1405Unit group 2
Topic overviewGenghis Khan and the Creation of the Mongol Empire c.1167–1264: steppe society, the rise of Genghis Khan and the Mongol conquestsThe Reign of Khubilai Khan 1264–1294: Consolidation of rule and control of ChinaThe Reign of Khubilai Khan 1264–1294: law, religion, court life and campaigns abroadThe Khanates 1294–1405: Nature of Mongol rule 1294–1405, disunity and reasons for declineThe Khanates 1294–1405: Tokhtamysh, rise of Tamerlane and his impact in PersiaImpact of the Mongol invasions and interaction between East and West to 1405: the Pax Mongolica, trade and the exchange of knowledgeImpact of the Mongol invasions and interaction between East and West to 1405: the Black Death, travellers and ideological impact
Y205: Exploration, Encounters and Empire 1445–1570Unit group 2
Topic overviewExploration: Reasons why this was an age of exploration and motives for patronageExploration: explorers, their routes and the difficulties they facedEncounters and conquest: Treaty of Tordesillas and Portuguese conquestEncounters and conquest: Spanish Conquests, gains and losses for individual explorersSettlement and consequences: Portuguese trading posts, Brazil and Spanish settlementSettlement and consequences: colonial government and the effects on indigenous peoplesImpact of overseas empire on Europe: bullion, the price revolution and European tradeImpact of overseas empire on Europe: slave trades, balance sheet of personal and national benefits
Y206: Spain 1469–1556Unit group 2
Topic overviewIsabella and Ferdinand: government — situation in Spain in 1469, control of the nobility and townsIsabella and Ferdinand: government — law and order, finance, the union of the crowns and Spain in 1516Isabella and Ferdinand: religion — religious aims and the conquest of GranadaIsabella and Ferdinand: religion — treatment of the Moriscos and Conversos, Inquisition and its impactCharles I: government and religion — succession, relations with the Spanish nobility and townsCharles I: government and religion — religious developments and Charles’s abdicationOverseas policies and the economy: Columbus and the discovery and explorationsOverseas policies and the economy: economic impact of the New World and foreign policy
Y207: The German Reformation and the Rule of Charles v 1500–1559Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe German Reformation 1517–1529: Charles V’s inheritance, the Church and Luther’s challengeThe German Reformation 1517–1529: Papal excommunication and situation in 1529The spread of Lutheranism 1530–1555, the Schmalkaldic War and Peace of Augsburg: the Augsburg Confession and Lutheran growthThe spread of Lutheranism 1530–1555, the Schmalkaldic War and Peace of Augsburg: the Schmalkaldic War, the Interim and the Peace of AugsburgCharles V’s relations with the Ottoman Empire: Hungary, Vienna, the Mediterranean and the French allianceCharles V’s wars with France: the Habsburg-Valois wars from Pavia to Cateau-Cambrésis
Y208: Philip II 1556–1598Unit group 2
Topic overviewPolitical authority: Legacy of Charles I and condition of SpainPolitical authority: faction, justice, revolts and financeReligion: Philip II’s inheritance and relations with the PapacyReligion: attitude towards the Tridentine decrees, moral and spiritual impact of the InquisitionForeign policy: foreign situation in 1555, Holy League and the Battle of LepantoForeign policy: relations with England, France, Portugal and Philip’s reputation abroadThe Netherlands: origins of the revolt and its course to 1576The Netherlands: religion, reasons for Spain’s failure to crush the revolt and situation in 1598
Y209: African Kingdoms c.1400–c.1800: Four Case StudiesUnit group 2
Topic overviewThe Songhay Empire c.1450–1591: the Sahel c.1450, Sonni Ali and Askia MuhammadThe Songhay Empire c.1450–1591: importance of Timbuktu and reasons for declineThe Kingdom of Kongo c.1400–c.1709: the kingdom c.1400, conversion and royal powerThe Kingdom of Kongo c.1400–c.1709: clientage, wars with Portugal and the Antonian movementThe Kingdom of Benin c.1500–c.1750: the obas, government, culture, trade and declineThe Kingdoms and Empires of Oyo and Dahomey 1608–c.1800: the rise of Oyo and Dahomey, their armies and their kingsThe Kingdoms and Empires of Oyo and Dahomey 1608–c.1800: institutions, religion, the slave trade and decline
Y210: Russia 1645–1741Unit group 2
Topic overviewRussia 1645–1698: Russia in 1645, personality and rule of AlexisRussia 1645–1698: Feodor, Sophia’s regency and Peter’s early reignThe reforms of Peter the Great 1698–1725: consolidation of power, social change and government reformThe reforms of Peter the Great 1698–1725: taxation, the Church, the armed forces, the economy and St PetersburgForeign Relations 1645–1725: Ukraine, Poland, the Crimea, China and the Northern War to 1704Foreign Relations 1645–1725: the Swedish invasion, Poltava, Nystadt and the Persian campaignOpposition and reaction 1645–1741: Revolt of Stenka Razin and Old BelieversOpposition and reaction 1645–1741: provincial revolts, Tsarevitch Alexis and the reigns after Peter
Y211: The Rise and Decline of the Mughal Empire in India 1526–1739Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe foundation of the Mughal Empire and its rulers 1526–1556: Babur’s conquest of IndiaThe foundation of the Mughal Empire and its rulers 1526–1556: wars and instability under HumayunAkbar the Great 1556–1605: accession of Akbar, relations with the Rajput kingdoms and religious policyAkbar the Great 1556–1605: religion, administration, expansion and cultureJahangir and Shah Jahan 1605–1658: Jahangir, Shah Jahan and the triumph of AurangzebRule and decline 1658–1739: Aurangzeb’s rule, religious policy and the Maratha warsRule and decline 1658–1739: administrative reforms and the growth of revenue, weak leaders after 1707
Y212: The American Revolution 1740–1796Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe development of British hegemony in America: the colonies in 1740, their economies, government and Native relationsThe development of British hegemony in America: territorial expansion to 1765Causes of the American Revolution: relationship between Britain and the coloniesCauses of the American Revolution: Tea Act and response, colonial and political ideasThe American Revolution 1774–1783: move towards independence 1774–1776The American Revolution 1774–1783: Saratoga, the French alliance, Yorktown and the Peace of ParisThe early Republic 1783–1796: the Confederation, the Constitution and Washington’s presidency
Y213: The French Revolution and the Rule of Napoleon 1774–1815Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe causes of the French Revolution from 1774 and the events of 1789: the Ancien Régime, Louis XVI and the financial crisisThe causes of the French Revolution from 1774 and the events of 1789: the Enlightenment, social grievances and the revolution of 1789The Revolution from October 1789 to the Directory 1795: attempts to establish a constitutional monarchyThe Revolution from October 1789 to the Directory 1795: the fall of the monarchy, the Terror and ThermidorNapoleon Bonaparte to 1807: career of Bonaparte to 1799, military leadership and reasons for successNapoleon Bonaparte to 1807: Napoleon’s reforms as Consul, nature of and reasons for military successesThe decline and fall of Napoleon 1807–1815: the Continental System, the Peninsular War and RussiaThe decline and fall of Napoleon 1807–1815: rule in France after 1807 and the fall of the Empire
Y214: France 1814–1870Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X 1814–1830: the legacy of 1789, the Charter and Louis XVIII’s reignThe reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X 1814–1830: domestic and foreign policies of Charles XThe reign of Louis Philippe and the 1848 Revolution: Personality of Louis Philippe and foreign policyThe reign of Louis Philippe and the 1848 Revolution: Guizot and establishment of the Second RepublicDomestic policy under Louis Napoleon: Election of Louis Napoleon, economic and social policiesDomestic policy under Louis Napoleon: the economy, the rebuilding of Paris, reform and the liberal empireForeign and imperial policy 1848–1870: Napoleon’s aims and ideas, Crimean WarForeign and imperial policy 1848–1870: Italy, Mexico, Prussia and the war of 1870
Y215: Italy and Unification 1789–1896Unit group 2
Topic overviewItaly 1789–1847: Italy in 1789, Napoleonic rule and the Vienna SettlementItaly 1789–1847: Carbonari, revolutions of 1820–1821 and 1831, extent of support for nationalismThe Revolutions of 1848–1849 and their aftermath: the revolutions of 1848 and the war with AustriaThe Revolutions of 1848–1849 and their aftermath: the failure of the revolutions and Piedmont after 1849The Risorgimento and the establishment of a new Kingdom of Italy 1850–1861: Cavour, Plombières and the war of 1859The Risorgimento and the establishment of a new Kingdom of Italy 1850–1861: Garibaldi and the new kingdomItaly 1861–1896: Piedmontisation 1861–1870, Brigands’ War and the policies of the new ItalyItaly 1861–1896: Rome, the south, Crispi and colonial expansion
Y216: The USA in the 19th Century: Westward Expansion and Civil War 1803–c.1890Unit group 2
Topic overviewWestward expansion; causes and impacts: territorial growth, settlement and the development of the WestNative Americans: Native American society, Tecumseh and Indian RemovalNative Americans: treaties and the ‘Indian Wars’ of 1860s/70s, resources, reasons for destructionThe growth of sectional tension 1850–1861: Main differences between North and South by 1850The growth of sectional tension 1850–1861: Republicans, Dred Scott, the 1860 election and secessionThe Civil War: Lincoln and the Union, Davis and ConfederacyThe Civil War: reasons for Union victory and naval blockade, international situation
Y217: Japan 1853–1937Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe impact of foreign intrusion on Tokugawa Japan 1853–1868: Tokugawa society, Perry and the unequal treatiesThe impact of foreign intrusion on Tokugawa Japan 1853–1868: resistance to the Shogunate and civil warWesternisation and nationalism in Meiji Japan 1868–1912: the end of samurai power and early Meiji reformsWesternisation and nationalism in Meiji Japan 1868–1912: the 1889 Constitution, industrialisation and educationForeign relations and overseas expansion 1868–1920: population pressure, early expansion and the Sino-Japanese WarForeign relations and overseas expansion 1868–1920: the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, war with Russia and the First World WarThe growth of nationalism in Japan 1920–1937: Radicalism and repression in post-war JapanThe growth of nationalism in Japan 1920–1937: the Depression, Manchuria and the rise of the army
Y218: International Relations 1890–1941Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe causes and nature of the First World War: long-term causes, pre-war crises and the July CrisisThe causes and nature of the First World War: the nature of the fighting and reasons for the outcomeThe Paris Peace Conference, the League of Nations, and international diplomacy 1919–1935: the peace treaties of 1919–1920The Paris Peace Conference, the League of Nations, and international diplomacy 1919–1935: the League of Nations and diplomacy to 1935Dictators and Appeasers in Europe 1929–1941: the Depression, Mussolini and appeasementDictators and Appeasers in Europe 1929–1941: Spain, the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the war to 1941The Far East 1918–1941: Japan after Versailles and the Manchurian CrisisThe Far East 1918–1941: the war with China and the road to Pearl Harbor
Y219: Russia 1894–1941Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe rule of Tsar Nicholas II: Nicholas II, Russia in 1894 and the oppositionThe rule of Tsar Nicholas II: Witte, the 1905 Revolution, the Dumas and StolypinThe 1917 Revolutions: impact of the First World War 1914–1917 and events of March 1917The 1917 Revolutions: return of exiles and the April Theses, roles of Lenin and TrotskyThe Civil War and Lenin: Constituent Assembly, Lenin decrees and Civil WarThe Civil War and Lenin: the Red Terror, Kronstadt, the NEP and Lenin as leaderThe rule of Stalin: Stalin’s character and rise to powerThe rule of Stalin: the purges, collectivisation and the Five Year Plans
Y220: Italy 1896–1943Unit group 2
Topic overviewItaly 1896–1915: Italy in 1896, industrial growth and its consequencesItaly 1896–1915: Giolitti’s ministries, foreign policy and the growing demand for warItaly 1915–1925: Early neutrality and subsequent entry into war, weaknesses of the post-war governmentsItaly 1915–1925: electoral pact 1921 and the March on Rome, Acerbo law and the murder of MatteottiFascist Italy 1925–1943: the Corporate State, propaganda, the Lateran Pacts and the liraFascist Italy 1925–1943: industrial policy, social policy, preparations for and domestic impact of warForeign Policy of Mussolini 1922–1943: aims, early diplomacy and the Abyssinian WarForeign Policy of Mussolini 1922–1943: Spanish Civil War, allied invasion and fall of Mussolini
Y221: Democracy and Dictatorships in Germany 1919–1963Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe establishment and development of the Weimar Republic: 1919–Jan 1933 — early crises, hyperinflation and recoveryThe establishment and development of the Weimar Republic: 1919–Jan 1933 — the Stresemann years, the Depression and Hitler’s appointmentThe establishment of the Nazi Dictatorship and its domestic policies Feb 1933–1939 — seizing and holding powerThe establishment of the Nazi Dictatorship and its domestic policies Feb 1933–1939 — opposition, the economy, society and racial policyThe impact of war and defeat on Germany: 1939–1949 — war economy and Total War, morale and rationingThe impact of war and defeat on Germany: 1939–1949 — resistance, defeat, occupation and the Berlin BlockadeDivided Germany: The Federal Republic and the DDR 1949–1963 — Basic Law and constitution of West GermanyDivided Germany: The Federal Republic and the DDR 1949–1963 — Adenauer’s foreign policy, elections, rearmament and the DDR
Y222: The Cold War in Asia 1945–1993Unit group 2
Topic overviewWestern Policies in Post War Asia 1945–1979: Yalta, Potsdam, Japan, China, Taiwan and MalayaThe Korean War 1950–1953 and its impact to 1977: Causes and outbreak of the Korean WarThe Korean War 1950–1953 and its impact to 1977: causes of stalemate 1951–1953 and non alignmentIndochina 1945–1967: French colonial government in Indochina and Eisenhower’s policies towards IndochinaIndochina 1945–1967: Diem’s government of South Vietnam and start of Operation Rolling ThunderWars in Vietnam and Cambodia 1968–1993: American strategy, Tet, Vietnamization and the Paris AccordsWars in Vietnam and Cambodia 1968–1993: the fall of Saigon and the Cambodian conflict
Y223: The Cold War in Europe 1941–1995Unit group 2
Topic overviewThe origins of the Cold War to 1945: situation in 1941 and wartime tensions in the Grand AllianceThe origins of the Cold War to 1945: the wartime conferences and the breakdown of the allianceThe development of the Cold War 1946–1955: ‘Iron Curtain’ speech, Truman Doctrine and Marshall AidThe development of the Cold War 1946–1955: Cominform and Comecon, conflicts over Germany, atomic weaponsThe Cold War 1956–1984: Hungary, the Prague Spring and PolandThe Cold War 1956–1984: Berlin, the arms race, détente and the new Cold WarThe end of the Cold War 1984–1995: Soviet decline, Gorbachev and the end of communism
Y224: Apartheid and Reconciliation: South African Politics 1948–1999Unit group 2
Topic overviewEstablishing Apartheid: South Africa before 1948, the 1948 election and racial classificationEstablishing Apartheid: the apartheid laws and early oppositionThe development of Apartheid and growing resistance: Verwoerd, Vorster, the homelands and apartheid’s effectsThe development of Apartheid and growing resistance: Sharpeville, armed struggle, Black Consciousness and SowetoThe collapse of Apartheid 1978–1989: the state in 1978 and Botha’s Total StrategyThe collapse of Apartheid 1978–1989: nature and development of opposition, importance of FW de KlerkA New South Africa 1989–1999: negotiations, the 1994 election and the Government of National UnityA New South Africa 1989–1999: the RDP, the 1996 constitution and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Y301: The Early Anglo-Saxons c.400–800Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe development of Kingship and kingdoms in Britain and Ireland: the first Saxons, early kingdoms and overkingshipThe development of Kingship and kingdoms in Britain and Ireland: the heptarchy, royal government and the rise of Northumbria and MerciaReligion and the Christian Church in Britain and Ireland: paganism, the Gregorian mission and Irish ChristianityReligion and the Christian Church in Britain and Ireland: Whitby, Theodore, the monasteries and missions abroadEconomic and social life in Britain and Ireland: Rural and urban settlementsEconomic and social life in Britain and Ireland: trade, coinage, society, law and burialCultural change in Britain and Ireland: Language, religious artefacts, art and literatureDepth study: Athelbald, Offa and the Mercian supremacy — Mercian supremacy as a turning pointDepth study: Augustine and the process of Christianisation — short and long-term impactDepth study: Augustine and the process of Christianisation — Synod of Whitby as a possible turning pointDepth study: Communities and kinship — communities, kinship, identity and dispute settlement
Y302: The Viking Age c.790–1066Unit group 3
Topic overviewViking society, administration and livelihood: Viking identity and Scandinavian administrationViking society, administration and livelihood: royal power and Scandinavian livelihoodWarfare and raids: early raids on England and Scotland and Alfred’s responseWarfare and raids: Athelstan, the second Viking age and expansion abroadSettlements: Scandinavian rural and urban settlements, English rural and urban settlements, DanelawSettlements: kingship, move towards a united English kingdom, settlements in Western and Eastern EuropeCulture and religion: old religion and new religionCulture and religion: culture, poetry and its purpose, sagas, feastingDepth study: Raids on England in the late eighth and ninth centuries — motives, success and impact of the raidsDepth study: Raids on England in the late eighth and ninth centuries — significance of the 860sDepth study: The Danelaw — Definitions, origins, organisation and growthDepth study: The Danelaw — response from Anglo-Saxons and importance of YorkDepth study: The Vikings in Ireland — Motives for raiding, trading and settlementDepth study: The Vikings in Ireland — Clontarf and the impact on the Irish economy and Church
Y303: English Government and the Church 1066–1216Unit group 3
Topic overviewMain features of central government: the household, Exchequer, chancery and justiciarMain features of central government: role and power of the Crown, reasons for rebellion and its impactThe organisation and administration of local government: sheriffs, local courts and the growth of the Common LawThe government of the Church in England: the primacy dispute and the Church courtsThe government of the Church in England: administrative structures and role of monasticismThe role of the archbishops of Canterbury: relationship with the Crown and the PapacyDepth study: The reign of Henry I — personality of Henry I and role of Roger of SalisburyDepth study: The reign of Henry I — local justice and government, Henry I and the PapacyDepth study: The Civil War 1139–1154 — Causes of rebellion and civil war, extent of disturbancesDepth study: The Civil War 1139–1154 — central government, the earldoms and the ChurchDepth study: The reign of Richard I in England — Finances and William LongchampDepth study: The reign of Richard I in England — government in the absence of Richard
Y304: The Church and Medieval Heresy c.1100–1437Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe causes and nature of the heretical movements: condition of the medieval ChurchThe causes and nature of the heretical movements: strategy and organisation of the movementsSupport for heretical movements: Nature of the supportSupport for heretical movements: leadership, contrasting aims and reasons for failureThe impact of heretical movements upon the medieval Church: response of the medieval churchMaintenance of church authority: Propaganda produced against heresy and punishmentsMaintenance of church authority: popular support for the Catholic Church and Medieval InquisitionDepth study: John Wycliffe and the Lollards to c.1420 — Wycliffe’s views and writingsDepth study: John Wycliffe and the Lollards to c.1420 — responses to Wycliffe’s writings and preachingDepth study: The Mendicant Orders — St Dominic and his approach to the CatharsDepth study: The Mendicant Orders — St Francis and impact of the Mendicant Orders on the townsDepth study: Huss and the Hussites 1400–1436 — Hus, the influence of Wycliffe and the Council of ConstanceDepth study: Huss and the Hussites 1400–1436 — the Hussite revolution, wars and settlement
Y305: The Renaissance c.1400–c.1600Unit group 3
Topic overviewArtistic and cultural development: cultural conditions in western Europe c.1400Artistic and cultural development: High Renaissance and continuity with the Middle AgesThe role of the individual: contributions to the RenaissanceThe role of the individual: humanist writers and artists from Brunelleschi to DürerReligion and religious change: condition of the Church, Christianity and the RenaissanceReligion and religious change: anti-clericalism and impact of the Renaissance on church musicThe Impact of War: the condottieri and the invasion of 1494The Impact of War: the Sack of Rome, new warfare and MachiavelliDepth study: The Venetian Renaissance — condition of Venice in c.1400Depth study: The Venetian Renaissance — artistic development in Venice and impact of war on VeniceDepth study: Savonarola — Savonarola as a preacher and Florence under SavonarolaDepth study: Savonarola — fall of SavonarolaDepth study: The French Renaissance — Reasons for the development of the RenaissanceDepth study: The French Renaissance — impact of da Vinci and impact of the Italian Wars
Y306: Rebellion and Disorder Under the Tudors 1485–1603Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe main causes of rebellion and disorder: Political factions, succession and taxationThe main causes of rebellion and disorder: famine and motives of the rebelsThe frequency and nature of disturbances: Location and regional variationsThe frequency and nature of disturbances: support, leadership, tactics and reasons for failureThe impact of the disturbances upon Tudor governments: response to the threat of disorder at the timeThe impact of the disturbances upon Tudor governments: impact of rebellion on government and societyThe maintenance of political stability: role of local and central authoritiesThe maintenance of political stability: local officers and popular attitudes to authorityDepth study: Pilgrimage of Grace — Causes and regional variationsDepth study: Pilgrimage of Grace — leadership, support, suppression and significanceDepth study: The Western Rebellion — Causes, regional variations between Devon and CornwallDepth study: The Western Rebellion — demands, defeat and significanceDepth study: Tyrone’s Rebellion — Causes, objectives and supportDepth study: Tyrone’s Rebellion — leadership and threat posed by the rebellion to the government
Y307: Tudor Foreign Policy 1485–1603Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe aims and methods of Tudor foreign policy: aims, methods and constraintsScotland and France: Étaples, Ayton, Flodden and the rough wooingScotland and France: Treaty of Edinburgh, French threat under Somerset and Treaty of BloisBurgundy, the Netherlands and Spain: Henry VII and Medina del Campo, impact of the divorceBurgundy, the Netherlands and Spain: Mary Tudor and Philip’s marriage, ArmadaThe impact of foreign relations on domestic developments in England: trade, war finance, parliament and religionThe impact of foreign relations on domestic developments in England: Mary Queen of Scots, Ireland and the political cost of failureDepth study: Henry VIII’s foreign policy 1509–1520 — the situation in 1509, Henry’s motives and the wars of 1512–1513Depth study: Henry VIII’s foreign policy 1509–1520 — the campaigns of 1513, the peace of 1514 and the Treaty of LondonDepth study: The loss of Calais — historical and strategic significance of CalaisDepth study: The loss of Calais — reasons why Calais was lostDepth study: The Armada — Long and short-term causes and motives, Spanish fleet and its setbacksDepth study: The Armada — Elizabeth’s preparations and reasons for the defeat of the Armada
Y308: The Catholic Reformation 1492–1610Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe nature of the Catholic Reformation: condition of the Catholic Church in the 1490sThe nature of the Catholic Reformation: early reform and the Catholic or Counter Reformation debateInstitutional reforms: role of the Papacy, Inquisition and CouncilsInstitutional reforms: Society of Jesus, new and traditional orders, Ursulines and TheatinesRole of individuals: Erasmus, the popes, Loyola and the saintsImpact of the Catholic Reformation: Comparative extent of reform and revivalImpact of the Catholic Reformation: obstacles, popular religion, art and achievementDepth study: Council of Trent — the call for a council, its sessions and decreesDepth study: Philip II of Spain — the Inquisition, conversos, Moriscos and the Protestant scareDepth study: Philip II of Spain — humanism, illuminism and Philip’s religious policyDepth study: St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre — the Huguenots and the road to the massacreDepth study: St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre — motives, the killing and its consequences
Y309: The Ascendancy of the Ottoman Empire 1453–1606Unit group 3
Topic overviewSultans and the organisation of the State: Sultans and their accessions, armySultans and the organisation of the State: central political system, finances and the economyImperial expansion: Reasons for expansion and expansion in the BalkansImperial expansion: expansion in the Mediterranean, lack of resistance and weaknessesConsolidation, provincial administration and society in Ottoman vassal states: conquest, vassals, the timar and societyConsolidation, provincial administration and society in Ottoman vassal states: religious minorities, provincial government and taxationThe impact of Ottoman expansion on European rulers: Impact on Spain and impact on FranceThe impact of Ottoman expansion on European rulers: the alliance, the Habsburgs, Venice and LepantoDepth study: The Fall of Constantinople 1453 — the Byzantine Empire, Mehmed II and preparations for the siegeDepth study: The Fall of Constantinople 1453 — the siege, the fall and its significanceDepth study: The Battle of Mohács 1526 — condition of Hungary in 1526Depth study: The Battle of Mohács 1526 — the battle and its consequencesDepth study: The Battle of Lepanto 1571 — situation, course of the Battle and its significanceDepth study: The Battle of Lepanto 1571 — reasons for the Ottoman defeat
Y310: The Development of the Nation State: France 1498–1610Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe Monarchy and central government: royal authority, central institutions and the crisis of the crownLaw, provincial government and society: development of language, taxation and privilegesLaw, provincial government and society: extent of royal control of the provincesReligion and the Church: the Concordat of Bologna, Gallicanism and early reformReligion and the Church: extent of religious disunityThe impact of wars on French stability and unification: Habsburg-Valois Wars 1498–1559The impact of wars on French stability and unification: French Wars of Religion 1562–1598Depth study: Francis I and ‘Renaissance Monarchy’ — Powers as monarch and relations with the ChurchDepth study: Francis I and ‘Renaissance Monarchy’ — financial weaknesses and FontainebleauDepth study: The Massacre of St Bartholomew 1572 — Causes, role of Catherine de’ Medici and the GuiseDepth study: The Massacre of St Bartholomew 1572 — atrocities and their spread to the provincesDepth study: Henry IV — the Navarre inheritance, the succession war and peace with SpainDepth study: Henry IV — Edict of Nantes, acceptance of the Jesuits, assassination and legacy to his heir
Y311: The Origins and Growth of the British Empire 1558–1783Unit group 3
Topic overviewDrivers of imperial expansion: the Crown, the adventurers and the search for tradeDrivers of imperial expansion: contribution of domestic developments to empire, successes and failuresThe nature of colonial rule: mercantilism, companies, plantations and colonial governmentThe impact of Empire on Britain and its emerging colonies: For BritainThe impact of Empire on Britain and its emerging colonies: for coloniesThe British Empire and European Relations: consequences of European alliances and rivalriesDepth study: Elizabethan Privateers 1558–1603 — Nature and extent of privateering, motivesDepth study: Elizabethan Privateers 1558–1603 — attitudes, consequences and interpretationsDepth study: Britain and its American colonies 1660–1713 — Restoration policy and the Dominion of New EnglandDepth study: Britain and its American colonies 1660–1713 — colonial rebellions, wars and assembliesDepth study: Clive and the East India Company: India c.1730–1773 — the Carnatic Wars and PlasseyDepth study: Clive and the East India Company: India c.1730–1773 — Buxar, the diwani and the Regulating Act
Y312: Popular Culture and the Witchcraze of the 16th and 17th CenturiesUnit group 3
Topic overviewPopular culture: popular and elite culture, their definitionsPopular culture: public humiliation, role of magic in society and social controlThe main reasons for the growth and decline in the persecution of witches: demonology, confessional strife and village tensionsThe main reasons for the growth and decline in the persecution of witches: war, plague, scepticism and declineThe persecuted: geography of the Witchcraze in EuropeThe persecuted: town and country, religion, gender, age and statusResponses of the authorities to witchcraft: Legal developmentsResponses of the authorities to witchcraft: English methods, the Inquisitions and the end of prosecutionDepth study: The Witchcraze in Southern Germany c.1590–1630 — the great hunts and their prince-bishopsDepth study: The Witchcraze in Southern Germany c.1590–1630 — belief, crisis, the course of the hunts and their checkingDepth study: Hopkins and the witch hunt of 1645–1647 — the hunt, Hopkins’s methods and why it happenedDepth study: Hopkins and the witch hunt of 1645–1647 — context, critics and the end of the huntDepth study: The Salem witch trials — the crisis of 1692 and the accusationsDepth study: The Salem witch trials — executions, interpretations and the end of the trials
Y313: The Ascendancy of France 1610–1715Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe development of absolute monarchy and the role of ministers: absolutist theory, regencies and chief ministersThe development of absolute monarchy and the role of ministers: ministers, intendants, taxation and privilegeReligious developments: ‘Most Christian King’, relations with the Jesuits and Catholic OrdersReligious developments: relations with the Huguenots, significance of Jansenism and royal reactionsSocial developments and opposition: the social order, noble conspiracies and peasant revoltsFrance as an international power: aims and the struggle with the Habsburgs to 1659France as an international power: the wars of Louis XIV and the Treaty of UtrechtDepth study: Richelieu’s relations with the French court and nobility — extent of his authorityDepth study: Richelieu’s relations with the French court and nobility — statesmanshipDepth study: The Fronde 1648–1653 — causes of the Fronde and French defeat at LensDepth study: The Fronde 1648–1653 — the Fronde of the princes, failure and interpretationsDepth study: Versailles and image-making — cultural impact and political significance of VersaillesDepth study: Versailles and image-making — cost, criticism and image-making
Y314: The Challenge of German Nationalism 1789–1919Unit group 3
Topic overviewSocial and intellectual forces: origins and growth of German nationalismSocial and intellectual forces: repression, rival visions of unity and nationalism after 1871Economic forces: Economic nationalism and modernisation, Zollverein, economic integrationEconomic forces: economic and social effects of industrialisationPolitical and military forces: Managing German nationalism and its opponentsPolitical and military forces: role of warfare in uniting GermanyThe extent of Unification: the Reich of 1871, its divisions and national unityDepth study: 1848/1849 Revolutions — causes of revolution and the Frankfurt ParliamentDepth study: 1848/1849 Revolutions — failure, support and interpretationsDepth study: Nationalism and Unification 1867–1871 — the Confederation and the war of 1870Depth study: Nationalism and Unification 1867–1871 — consequences of the warDepth study: Wilhelmine Germany and the growth of Nationalism 1884–1914 — Wilhelm II, Weltpolitik and the navyDepth study: Wilhelmine Germany and the growth of Nationalism 1884–1914 — the army, domestic politics and the July crisis
Y315: The Changing Nature of Warfare 1792–1945Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe impact of factors directly related to the conduct of war: Generalship and its impactThe impact of factors directly related to the conduct of war: concept of ‘Total War’The impact of technological change: Industrialisation and technologyThe impact of technological change: development of weaponryPlanning and preparation: general staffs, army organisation and war plansPlanning and preparation: alliances, staff work and the limits of planningThe relationship between relevant domestic factors and warfare: organisation of the state for warDepth study: The French Revolutionary Wars 1792–1802 — Generalship and developments in weaponryDepth study: The French Revolutionary Wars 1792–1802 — coalitions, conscription and interpretationsDepth study: The American Civil War 1861–1865 — resources, weapons, railways and manpowerDepth study: The American Civil War 1861–1865 — Grant, Atlanta and interpretationsDepth study: The Western Front and the First World War 1914–1918 — trench deadlock, offensives and tactical changeDepth study: The Western Front and the First World War 1914–1918 — total war, alliances and interpretations
Y316: Britain and Ireland 1791–1921Unit group 3
Topic overviewOpposition to the Union: revolutionary, cultural and constitutional nationalismSupport for the Union: the decline of the Ascendancy and the rise of UnionismSupport for the Union: Conservatives, churches, Ulster and unionist leadersThe Union and reform: creation of the Act of Union, Home Rule and PartitionThe Irish economy and the link to Irish Nationalism: Agrarian under-developmentThe Irish economy and the link to Irish Nationalism: the Land War, Ulster industry and the economic caseDepth study: Irish Rebellions and British Responses 1791–1803 — Grattan’s Parliament to Bantry BayDepth study: Irish Rebellions and British Responses 1791–1803 — the 1798 rising, the Act of Union and EmmetDepth study: O’Connell and British Governments 1823–1841 — strategies of the Roman Catholic AssociationDepth study: O’Connell and British Governments 1823–1841 — the Tithe War, the Whig alliance and assessments of O’ConnellDepth study: The Crisis over Home Rule 1908–1914 — Home Rule Bill of 1912Depth study: The Crisis over Home Rule 1908–1914 — the outcome in 1914 and interpretations
Y317: China and Its Rulers 1839–1989Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe government and rulers of China 1839–1989: Manchu rule, the Taiping and late Qing reformThe government and rulers of China 1839–1989: the 1911 Revolution, the Republic, Mao and DengThe economy of China 1839–1989: Chinese economy in 1839 and Land reform under CommunismThe economy of China 1839–1989: Five Year Plans, the Great Leap Forward and reform after 1976Society in China 1839–1989: Society in China under Manchu rule and BoxersSociety in China 1839–1989: social developments after 1911 and rise of the middle classChina and the wider world: Foreign influence in Manchu ChinaChina and the wider world: Japan, the Cold War and relations with the powersDepth study: The First Opium War and its impact — China and the Western powers by 1839Depth study: The First Opium War and its impact — outbreak and nature of warDepth study: The Boxer Uprising — causes, the siege and consequences for the QingDepth study: The Cultural Revolution — impact of the failure of the Great Leap ForwardDepth study: The Cultural Revolution — changes in Politburo 1966 and effects of the Cultural Revolution
Y318: Russia and Its Rulers 1855–1964Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe nature of government: Autocracy, methods of repression and enforcementThe nature of government: extent and impact of reform, attitude of the Tsars, extent of political changeThe impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society of Russia and the USSRImpact of war and revolution on the development of Russia and the USSRThe impact of Russia and the USSR on nationalities and satellite states: Poland, Asia, Russification and the JewsThe impact of Russia and the USSR on nationalities and satellite states: Finland, the Baltic, Soviet nationalities and satellitesDepth study: Alexander II’s domestic reforms — the Crimean War, the great reforms and their limitsDepth study: The Provisional Government — formation, reforms and living conditions in 1917Depth study: The Provisional Government — the crises of 1917 and the government’s fallDepth study: Khrushchev in power 1956–1964 — aims, de-Stalinisation and reformDepth study: Khrushchev in power 1956–1964 — opposition and Khrushchev’s fall
Y319: Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992Unit group 3
Topic overviewAfrican Americans: position in 1865 and Civil Rights Movement to 1992Trade Union and Labour Rights: unions from 1865 to the 1890sTrade Union and Labour Rights: the World Wars, the New Deal and the Reagan eraNative American Indians: position in 1865, impact of the Plains Wars and impact of the Dawes Act 1887Native American Indians: Native Americans and the Supreme Court, Native American pressure groupsWomen: position in 1865, temperance and the suffrage campaignWomen: New Deal, rise of feminism and its opponents, changing economic and employment opportunitiesDepth study: Civil rights in the ‘Gilded Age’ c.1875–c.1895 — Nature and extent of progressDepth study: Civil rights in the ‘Gilded Age’ c.1875–c.1895 — Westward Expansion, sectional divides and PopulismDepth study: The New Deal and civil rights — minorities, women and workers under RooseveltDepth study: Malcolm X and Black Power — Malcolm X as a civil rights leaderDepth study: Malcolm X and Black Power — reasons for the rise of Black Power
Y320: From Colonialism to Independence: The British Empire 1857–1965Unit group 3
Topic overviewThe governance and administration of the Empire: Empire in 1857 and economic explanationsThe governance and administration of the Empire: forms of governance and negotiationOpposition to British Rule: Opposition movements, peaceful and violent, reasons for their developmentOpposition to British Rule: African nationalism, methods and the role of oppositionThe impact of imperial power on the periphery and Britain: Orientalism and the effects of rule on the coloniesThe impact of imperial power on the periphery and Britain: jingoism and the impact of Empire on BritainThe British Empire and its impact on international relations: European rivalry, isolation and the First World WarThe British Empire and its impact on international relations: mandates, dominions, world war and declineDepth study: British India: The War of 1857 and its consequences to 1876 — causes, course and consequences of the rebellionDepth study: Palestine 1914–1948 — Status and causes of Zionist-Palestinian problemDepth study: Palestine 1914–1948 — the Mandate in crisis and the British withdrawalDepth study: Nationalism in Kenya 1945–1965 — nationalism, Mau Mau and independence
Y321: The Middle East 1908–2011: Ottomans to Arab SpringUnit group 3
Topic overviewThe Role of the Great Powers in the Middle East: aims, mandates and the Cold War powersThe Role of the Great Powers in the Middle East: Great Power involvement in war, oil wars and strategyZionism, Israel and the Palestinian issue: Zionism and Israel’s wars to 2008Zionism, Israel and the Palestinian issue: occupation, the peace process and the PalestiniansStatehood and Pan Arabism in the Middle East: Arab nationalism, Nasser and the Turkish republicStatehood and Pan Arabism in the Middle East: monarchies, Baathist regimes and IranReligion, ethnicity and political minorities: Sunni and Shi'a in the Arab States, Hezbollah and HamasReligion, ethnicity and political Minorities: Al Qaeda, minorities and the diasporaDepth study: British Policy and the Middle East 1908–1948 — aims before 1914 and the wartime agreementsDepth study: British Policy and the Middle East 1908–1948 — policy approaches to the British MandatesDepth study: Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948–1956 — Arab attitudes and the war of 1948–1949Depth study: Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948–1956 — border conflict, Suez and their consequencesDepth study: Nasserism 1952–1970 — Nasser and Pan ArabismDepth study: Nasserism 1952–1970 — Suez Crisis 1956, 1967 War and the death of Pan Arabism
Y101: Alfred and the Making of England 871–1016
Athelstan 924–939: capture of York 927, relations with Scotland and continued problems with the Vikings
- 2 things to know
- Unit group 1
Overview
Recall questions on the capture of York 927, relations with Scotland, including the battle of Brunanburh, 937 and continued problems with the Vikings.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Who and when
Why did Athelstan's success provoke a Scottish alliance with the Norse of Dublin?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Where was Athelstan first accepted as king in 924, and why does that matter?
Model answer
He was accepted first in Mercia, where he had been brought up, which suggests his position in Wessex was initially insecure.
- 2
How did Athelstan try to settle the northern question by diplomacy in 926?
Model answer
He married his sister to Sihtric, the Scandinavian king of York, in an alliance intended to neutralise the Norse kingdom without war.
- 3
What did Athelstan do when Sihtric died in 927?
Model answer
He seized York and took direct control of Northumbria, making him the first king to rule all of England.
- 4
Why was the capture of York in 927 a turning point in the making of England?
Model answer
It removed the last independent Scandinavian kingdom in England and brought the whole country south of the Scots under one ruler for the first time.
- 5
What title did Athelstan use on his coins to advertise his new position?
Model answer
He styled himself king of all Britain, claiming an authority stretching beyond England itself.
- 6
Name the three main allies who fought against Athelstan at Brunanburh in 937.
Model answer
The coalition was led by Olaf Guthfrithson of Dublin, Constantine II king of Scots, and Owain of Strathclyde.
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